The Five Factor Model Of Personality - 853 Words

An analysis of the five factor model of personality Many contemporary psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions of personality and refer to them as the ‘Big Five’. The five-factor model (FFM) of personality is a theory based on five core categories of human personality – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. While different theorists may use different terminology, the five factors or personality traits have shown a rather consistent pattern over time. This study briefly examines the history, strengths and limitations of the five-factor model. The FFM does not have only one theorist to its name, but rather has been adapted over time from many different concepts and theorists studying human behaviour. The overall concept of trait theory emerged during the 1930’s when Louis Thurstone developed a factor analysis of 60 adjectives, which was used by participants to ‘rate’ acquaintances based from the descriptive words from the study (Digman, 1996). Evidence of the theory has grown over the past 70 years with the research of D.W. Fiske (1949) which was later expanded upon by other researchers (Norman, 1967; Smith, 1967; Goldberg, 1981; McCrae and Costa, 1987). McCrae and his colleagues also discovered in their research that the ‘Big Five’ traits were remarkably universal. One of their studies looked at people from over 50 cultures and found that the five dimensions could be used to quite accurately describe personality.Show MoreRelatedThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1704 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of models of personality, firstly taking into account Gordon Allport’s model, followed by Raymond Cattell’s 16 trait factor model and Eysenck’s, 3 factor model. Before, critically discussing the five factor model of personality and individual traits, these are made up of the characteristics of an individual which includes their, thoughts and behaviours that make a person unique. Finally this essay will suggest one other factor which might usefully be added to the five factor model to improveRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1041 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality is a multifaceted concept that is difficult to explain but upon further inspection can be analyzed and broken down. Personality, when broken down, is really just a pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors within an individual (Cervone Pervin, 2013). These patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior can be broken down further into what personality theorists call traits. A personality trait is a particularly consistent manner of behavior or emotion that someone presents in a varietyRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has beenRead MoreThe Potential Of The Five Factor Personality Model1126 Words   |  5 PagesMG4C2: Organizational Behavior ‘The potential of the Five Factor personality model to predict employee performance has been overestimated.’ Discuss. Personality can be defined as the qualities that make a person’s ‘unique’ character. The Five Factor personality model is described as a ‘hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of 5 dimensions’ (McCrae and John, 2005) that can be used to describe personality. These ‘Big Five’ factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, AgreeablenessRead MoreFive Factor Model Personality Inventory1296 Words   |  6 PagesUse the Five Factor Model Personality Inventory to rate yourself on the Big Five personality dimensions. Describe each factor of your Big Five Personality Inventory. Which factor shows the greatest value in predicting your behavior? Why does it? Select one of your friends. Identify the qualities that make that person substantially different from you. In what ways are you basically similar? Which dominates, the differences or similarities? You must attach the Five Factor Model Personality InventoryRead More The Five Factor Model Of Personality Essay2253 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The precise definition of personality has been a point of discussion amongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since the beginning of civilization. Personality can be defined as the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define an individuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with the environment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith Bem, 1993: 525). It can be proposed that personality psychology has two differentRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of A Personality Test1621 Words   |  7 PagesFive Factor Model Individuals are often confronted with situations in which they only have very little information about the persons they have to interact with; to handle such situations, have been shown to spontaneously form first impressions in an extremely fast manner (Walker Vetter, 2016, p. 609). Personality allows an individual to obtain a specific amount of information about the person as a whole. Within this paper, one will discuss each trait originated under the five factor modelRead MoreFive Factor Model Of Personality Test Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesFive Factor Model of Personality Test Everyone we meet in life will have a different personality. Understanding personality traits can be useful for counselors. Counselors can use personality assessments to learn what influences a person’s development. I took Buchanan’s personality test to discover my personality style. Buchanan’s quiz uses the Five Factor Model of Personality Test (FFPT). Buchanan’s questionnaire covered topics of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, andRead MoreThe Five Factor Model : The Following Big Five Personality Traits Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Five Factor Model, which utilizes the following Big five personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, is used to interpret an individual’s personality. It has been said that you can look at a person’s territory, whether it be their bedroom or any other space that only they inhabit, and use the Five Factor Model to judge what their personality may be like from their personal spaces. Room A and Room B are the two spaces I will be using to describeRead MorePredicting Athletic Performance Using The Five Factor Model Of Personality1108 Words   |  5 P agesperformance using the five factor model of personality by Ralph L. Piedmont, David C. Hill, Susana Blanco seeks to address how the five factor model of personality when utilized, is a suitable predictor of athletic performance and how it is can assist in gaining an insight and understanding of the competitive nature within athletes, to show if there was a correlation between personality traits within different competitive sport. There have been many other studies used to evaluate personality within sport

Analysis Of Harriet Beecher Stowe s Account Of Black...

The telling of history of Blacks who fought in the Revolutionary War started in 1850 with author William Nells’ account of Black Soldiers. Harriet Beecher Stowe contended in her overview to Nell’s Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, the work gave way to the possible to â€Å"‘give new self-respect and confidence to the race†¦And their white brothers in reading may remember, that generosity, disinterested courage and bravery, are of no particular race and complexion, and that the image of the Heavenly Father may be reflected alike by all.† Stowe’s overview discloses that the significant author knew Black soldier veterans as individuals worthy of the same treatment given to white soldier veterans of war. The cue that kindness, unbiased†¦show more content†¦MacLeod’s Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution focused on the steadiness amid revolutionary principles and the application of the slave organization. He upheld th e afresh shaped American Republic was the building of a knowingly bigoted culture. Alan Gilbert’s modern history Black Patriots and Loyalists concentrates on Black soldiers as somewhat better than cogs in the radical fight. He depicts Blacks as an international nation and stresses the global longing for freedom as the functioning cohesion amid Blacks. The idea takes Quarles’ acknowledgement of the Black soldier as a contributor and emblem, and allocates precise worth to freedom troops. However, Gilbert’s work miscarries to clarify what Black soldiers intended within the boundaries of a newly conceived country. Likewise, though Quarles’ work presents the American Revolution as an essential instant of transformation for Blacks, he does not clarify the linking between American service and American individuality. Temporarily, MacLeod assess the Revolution ended the scope of bondage, presenting diminutive clarification on the figurative connotation overdue Black service when creating an American individuality. Although confessing all prior wo rks of notable authors have

Madeliene Leininger Free Essays

string(640) " theory are represented in the diagram below; Educational factors Technological factors Religious philosophical factors Kinship Social factors Environmental Context, Language ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways Political Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns practices Holistic Health/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices\." Nursing Theorist M. Leininger: Culture Care Theory Nursing Theorist Madeliene Leininger: Culture Care Theory Madeliene Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska in 1925. In her early life she lived with her brothers and sisters on her father’s farm. We will write a custom essay sample on Madeliene Leininger or any similar topic only for you Order Now She received her high school education from Scholastica College. She furthered her education at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her education she became the first professional nurse to complete a PhD on anthropology. Due to the broader approach in her education, she became the first to bring knowledge of anthropology and nursing together to develop the concept of transcultural nursing as an area of study necessary in the nursing field. She developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory with special focus at culture care. To date, due to the uniqueness of her perspective this theory is used across the world. She developed the theory in 1978 when she established the first caring research conference in which she established the ethnonursing method of research. Leininger conducted the first transcultural study in the field of research in the 1960s while she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. After publishing her first book in the field of transcultural nursing, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger focused at enhancing emic, generic and etic professional care through establishing their similarities and differences to prevent possible gaps and conflicting areas which are non therapeutic to clients. While her prowess in the field of nursing developed, she established the Transcultural Nursing Society as the organization that officially governed the new discipline. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first journal of transcultural nursing and became the editor. Due to her progressive performance in the discipline of transcultural nursing she has received many honors and outstanding awards. Her significant worldwide breakthrough in encouraging advancement of health discipline has lead to her nomination for a Nobel Prize. Based on the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, Leininger tries to describe and predict similarities in nursing and inherent differences which are focused at human care and cultures. The theory pays no attention to medical symptom, diseases and treatment but focuses on the methods of approach to care that gives significance to the person to whom the care is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give care to people with cultural differences in lifestyles and values. Training nurses in this field enables them to offer care suitable to the people being administered. Due to focus on client nurse interaction the approach places the client at a better position of receiving better care and attention than when the medical approach to care is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve not only different needs of individual but also communities, groups, families and institutions (Andrews Boyle, 2007). Her first model in Culture Care Theory is called the Sunrise Enabler which offers the conceptual framework and guides a systematic study to the varied dimensions of the theory. This model is distinct in that it identifies three activities which include identification of the goals of nursing by addressing client oriented practices; assessing cultural factors affecting the care to the client and making appropriate judgment about the situation; making decision about the measures to be taken and taking action as influenced by the cultural context. The model uses information attained through research that identifies areas of congruence between cultures and nursing care especially in cultural values, lifestyles and beliefs of the client. In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other four nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health arguing that nursing is both a profession and discipline and therefore the term ‘nursing’ cannot adequately explain the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as made of compassion, interest and concern for people. In this, concept care becomes central activity, the dominant and distinct unifying factor. Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for good health progress even when a client faces challenges such as handicaps or even when sick to the level of death. Thirdly, the healing of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is characterized by comprehensiveness of service delivery, which is holistic and offers explanation to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006). Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs within a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to specific patterns of behavior distinguishing each society from another. According to transcultural scholars culture is distinguished by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as ‘the lifeways of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices’ (Leininger 1997, 38). She says that culture is an entity of a group of people which is transmitted across generations or across groups of members of the community. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be effective, there is need to consider the ethnohistorical factors of the client, which hold a great value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors help in understanding the environmental context which involves the sociopolitical, ecological and cultural setting. In order to effectively make use of the ethnohistory of a community she calls for proper understanding of past occurrences of an individual and community which in one way or another influences a people’s lifeways. All the environmental factors give sense to the overall meaning of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below; Educational factors Technological factors Religious philosophical factors Kinship Social factors Environmental Context, Language ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways Political Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns practices Holistic Health/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors; 1. Technological factors: Technology has been an essential element in offering nursing care. Development of technology has enhanced efficiency in operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the quality of services offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. Application of modern technology enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a manner that creates congruence with the cultural values of a particular society. However, if technology does not support the cultural values of clients’ society the nursing care offered may fail to succeed as required. Even when there is an attempt to form a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there may exist differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts: Understanding cultural values entrenched in the people’s religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. Across the world people view religion as an integral part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a healthy society. In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society determine how the client responds to care. In some instances, the philosophical doctrine may help develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects may act as a deterrent if active measures are not taken into consideration in identifying the inherent gaps and the people’s ideological foundation. Therefore, there is a need to study the philosophical elements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3. Environmental factors: These include social factors and kinship; cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and legal factors. The social factors include the issues surrounding the families or members of the community in their day to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritional values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, some cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a larger society from eating some nutritional components, such as animal proteins. In such situations understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer similar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a deterrent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the policy development, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care while preventing others. Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the expected target situation in nursing care and the available opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors: Delivery of proper nursing care is dependent on the economic potential of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation. The activities conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capability of many clients. In this case, the target population may fail to access the nursing care services (Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the degree of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the people’s economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging. The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the comprehensive nursing care, opting to channel the funds to other development activities. For instance, the ongoing United States comprehensive care debate is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991). The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the increase of national spending. 5. Educational factors: The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues that comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that would necessitate filling the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care. In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less conflict with the community’s cultural values and thus increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly impact on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). Increased levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery. The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even getting much more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the role that the approach played after the terrible terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in United States. In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive behind increased hatred which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of innocent people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has been applied in broader and holistic manner in efforts to discover and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a basis of research in the fast developing discipline of transcultural nursing. This research has been useful in enriching the discipline with content for which it is gradually transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus contributing to a healthier population across cultural divide. Notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research exceed the full use as nurses trained in this field continue to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991). In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on the society’s cultural and social structural dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central position especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. Boyle, J. (2007). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bolsher, S. Pharris, M. (2008). Transforming Nursing Education: The Culturally Inclusive Environment. Springer Publishing Company. Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing health: official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory ofnursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing research method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51. How to cite Madeliene Leininger, Papers

Mind-Body free essay sample

Eleanor Metheny, born in Manhattan, Illinois in 1908, was a pioneer in the physical education community for four decades. She attended public school outside of Chicago and moved on to a university in the city. After attending the University of Chicago, where she studied English and mathematics, Metheny made her unintentional entry into physical education as an algebra teacher. At her new school, the math teacher typically taught the physical education classes as well as their designated math classes (Leigh Studer, 1983). Later, Metheny served as a professor at the University of California for 29 years. She believed that physical helped to augment movement through which children could â€Å"express, explore, discover, and interpret their world† (Shimon, 2011). Metheny published more than 150 articles, papers, and studies, proved instrumental in creating the country’s first graduate program in physical education, and championed women’s equality in sports. After retirement, Metheny worked in physical education at Pegasus Learning Center at USC. Metheny was most recognized as always being on the cutting edge of her profession (Leigh Studer, 1983). Eleanor Metheny’s work will continue to influence the field of physical education for many years. Jesse Feiring Williams was both in 1886 in Kenton Ohio. He attended college at Oberlin College where physical education became an interest. At Oberlin, he served as a tutor, coach, and director of athletics. After graduating, Williams taught physical education at the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind. After returning from service in World War II, Williams received his MD from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He then began association with Teachers College where after four years, he was promoted to professor and chairman of the Physical Education department. He remained at Teachers College for 18 years before going into early retirement. It was at Teachers College where Williams developed new concepts on physical education, health education, and dance. During his time in the field, Williams authored of co-authored an astounding 41 books, including the famed Principles of Physical Education (Kretchmar Gerber, 1983). Jesse Feiring Williams served as a pioneer in the physical education field, and his revelations continue to impact the field. In her article, The Third Dimension in Physical Education, Eleanor Metheny takes a monistic approach to understanding the concept of physical activity. Metheny begins her article by describing the three-dimensional process that is modern education. She explains the three-dimensional process as the one-dimensional training of the mind, the two dimensional education of mind-body unity, and the three-dimensional interconnection of mind-body-emotions (Metheny, 1954). Similar to Metheny’s monistic views are Jesse Feiring William’s in the article Education Through the Physical. Williams initiates the article with the following striking statement. â€Å"No one can examine earnestly the implications of physical education without facing two questions. These are: Is physical education an education of the physical? Is physical education an education through the physical? † He elaborates further on education of the physical, stating that supporters indicate chief outcomes as firm ligaments and strong muscles, which demonstrates the dualistic view. On the other hand, education through the physical embarks on the monistic route, based on the biologic unity of mind and body, viewing life as a totality (Williams, 1930). Because both Williams and Metheny advocated for the monistic view, there are many similarities in their articles. The ways in which the two authors describe physical education gravitate toward the same central values. Metheny defines a physically educated person as one who is able to productively use all possibly faculties of physical movement to â€Å"express, explore, develop, and interpret† his or her self in relation to the world in which they inhabit (Metheny, 1954). Williams, while stating his views more simply, states that physical education mainly as a way of living life. To further elaborate views on monism, Williams states that the apotheosis of solely the mental, or the physical, or the spiritual will lead to tragedy (Williams, 1930). Metheny states that the body is the corporeal expression of the person, his mind, his emotions, and his thoughts. The body is the self that a person presents to the world (Metheny, 1954 ). Metheny and Williams also express similar values in regard to the timeline and lasting effects relating to physical education. According to Metheny, physical education curriculum must be altered to both instant and long-term needs of students and sensible situations in which we must operate (Metheny, 1954). Williams indicates that education for life and modern physical education must have joint supports and confidences (Williams, 1930). Finally, both authors argue that physical education serves the greater purpose of increasing quality of life. Williams states that education through the physical will be evaluated by the role it plays in exceptional living and that physical education seeks to further the purposes of modern education when it stands for supreme kind of living (Williams, 1930). Metheny argues that a person will mature in their physical educational experience by finding his or her self improve with each new movement experience. Through each new movement, a person establishes new relationships with others and makes great advancement toward becoming a better incorporated person-mentally, physically, and emotionally healthy (Metheny, 1954). Essentially, Williams and Metheny prove that they have very similar and monistic views on physical education as a whole. However, while both articles are written to demonstrate monistic views, the both present very different areas of physical education. As previously stated, Williams begins his article with the proposal of the question education of the physical (dualistic) or through the physical (monistic). Williams follows this question up with presentations of the dualistic view throughout the article. We are able to that he prefers a monistic view, but he does elaborate upon a dualistic view (Williams, 1930). However, Metheny gives no real details on the opposing side of her monistic view, which makes the article somewhat one-sided (Metheny, 1954). Throughout the article, it seems that the purposes of both articles differ greatly. Eleanor Metheny seems to be speaking to an audience of physical educators throughout her article. She indicates what our jobs as physical education teachers must be and describes student’s physical experiences (Metheny, 1954). On the other hand, Williams seems to be putting up an argument for mind-body physical education versus a dualistic view. First, Williams begins by explaining the opposing dualistic view and some of the downfalls that could be included with it. Finally, Williams seems to be indicating whose responsibility it is to improve the quality of physical education for the future. He completes his article describing the universities responsibilities in regards to physical education and the betterment of modern education (Williams, 1930). The mind-body problem is one of the most highly debated topics in philosophy. In relation to the mind-body problem, monism denies a distinction between the two. In contrast, dualism indicates the belief that the two are two distinctive parts. I myself seem to struggle with believing one side or the other in the monism/dualism debate. Personally, the best definition of dualism comes from Douglas Odegard (1970), where he described that a â€Å"mind and a body are two different entities and each is â€Å"had† by a man. A man is thus a composite being with two components, one ‘inner’ the other ‘outer’ (87). † On one hand, I do believe in the interaction of the mind and body and that they greatly influence and depend upon each other. On the contrary, I think that it is foolish to believe that the two cannot exist without the other. I do believe that the mind and body are two separate entities; they do, however, closely interact and have dependence on each other. For that reason, my opinions tend to have both a monist and dualist (while more dualist) edge. I tend to share the same opinions as Ernst Johnson (1918) in his article titled Monism and Dualism featured in The Monist. Johnson begins the article by proposing a question on monism and dualism: are incompatible or complementary, can you only have either or are you able to have both? He then defends his points by elaborating on Plato’s â€Å"theory of knowledge† which states that a human may know being through one of two ways: sense perception which entails knowing the material world (dualistic) or though the supersensible, which may contain no duality (monistic). Furthermore, Johnson provides argument that dualism proves to be a more realistic view than that of monism. â€Å"Natural science has shown conclusively that all the immediately observable phenomena of the universe are mechanical. Therefore, no genuine idealistic monism can explain the universe. † One of the most thought provoking statements comes from Johnson when he asks if monism could simply be dualism in disguise, considering the world arose from interaction of two principles that are difficult to combine: mechanics and creativity. This statement clicked something in my mind that I had never thought about before. Overall, I believe it to be very challenging to simply take one side in mind-body problem, and I look forward to further exploring the topic.

Disney Essay Example

Disney Paper 1. Tentpole movies are defined as the films that support for the financial performance of the movie studio. Disney studio pursuing tentpole strategy which revolved at least eight vast movies per year and receive massive attraction within less period by obtaining highest marketing budget, highest production budget with successful theoretical release such as Frozen in 2013. Disney studios accept mixed existing and new properties without co-financing. Disney studio focused in to producing and marketing side through making big budget movies and expected to produce at least one tentpole film each of five studio brands under the Disney studio. The main reasons of producing tentpole movies of Disney studio are good performance in the market place and having a large crowd as brand deposits. Disney studio care about to hold shareholders when producing big budget movies without losing significant amount of money. There is an issue about releasing dates of tentpole movies with other competitors. Big budget movies could have a significant financial loss when competitor studios release tentpole movies on the same period. Tentpole movies are inherently risky because of high financial failure possibility (Swift 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Disney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Disney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Disney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In my opinion, Disney studio pursuing the right number of tentpoles by identifying audience expectations and keeping a reasonable time gap between the big budget movies. If they exceed rather than current number of tentpole movies per year, it couldn’t be able to keep the demand and quality of the movies and it might affect to financial condition as well. However, Tentpole strategy is fulfilled when they have intellectual property, ability to afford to do it and having courage to do it. Disney studio conducting the right mix of new versus existing properties. They have proven that by achieving financial improvements through franchise such as Star Wars and Indiana Jones. Consequently, Disney studio could enhance financial performance having better decisions on movies releasing dates, keeping their own versions and conducting proper gap between movies. 2. Film development process characterised as live action and Animation movies. Live action movies begin with an idea; development department of each studio research film ideas within a series of potential projects, it forward to a greenlight decision to produce that movie or not. Generally, it arises with certain conditions and certain budget. Once the film received the green light, forward into the production process. Creative executives assessing physical performances for casts. Director help to find a best character by keeping a better communication with actors. After production process, film is ready to release but it could take few years. Animation movies also starting with an idea; consider the iconoclastic, brilliant and creativity of the film idea before decision. After researching about film idea, film makers start to lay out the arc of story. Director create a script with the help of screenwriters. After the 4th draft, start to release ideas for the production process to figure out animated characters. Animators create scenes by manipulating three dimensional models of characters and adjusting lighting and camera angles by using special software. Finally release the movie to the audience after the processing period. In the marketing process, Disney studio release movies to secure screens in theatres and distribution division work with exhibitors. Comparing to other studios, Disney having an overwhelming advantage in the marketplace. Disney movies target happiness and fulfilment of both children and adults (Chyrty 2012). Movies marketing process is expensive; tentpole movies releases cost around $70 million on average, spend money on Television, radio, outdoor and online. Exhibitors allow to play trailers in theatres. Half of the advertising cost spend before the releasing date to highlight the film. There are significant risks involve with Disney’s strategy. Disney studio produced many tentpole movies nearly twice, but some movies rivals. Extremely cost box office failures could happen such as critical, commercial disappointments on ‘Treasure planet, Home on the range’ movie. No co-financing policy of Disney studio avoid the help of other financial partners. It is difficult to realise the proper balance between pursuing existing franchises and new original concepts, although it is critical to long term success. Changes of technology and increasing media networks are other risks that can affect to Disney media network (Dholakia Schroeder 2001). Disney studio could have optimised the returns by identifying audience expectations and allocate those expectations to film ideas and selecting best actor to the cast. Catmull (2008) stated that create something original achieve the certainty. To avoid the financial risk, they can have pursued franchise base more. Update with new technology will strong the innovation process. Consequently, implement strategy could minimise risk effectively by reducing cost and gaining competitive advantages. 3. The world’s largest entertainment conglomerate is The Walt Disney company (Elberse 2016). To study organisational culture, Disney is the perfect example because it has clear mission and vision that they conducting already (Curtis 2016). The culture of the Disney studio could be defined as a strong co-operated teamwork with combination of creative, innovative and profitable entertaining experience. The co-values of the Disney studio are important in the culture of the organization. Values of employees are great resources to build a strong production and it enhance the success rate of the company. Employees effectively share recourses by working together leading to achieve highest grossing income and box office success by identifying audience expectations. Disney studios following strong strategies to not allowing horror, comedy, sex, violence and smoking in their movies. Disney animation film innovation is the major turning point in the innovation history (Rojek 2006). In 2013, releasing Frozen to the audience, Disney shows that they have highly succeed in the animation challenge becoming top grossing animated film and winning two Academy awards for the best animated feature. In the Disney culture, adding creative energy, taste and quality for their productions enhance the uniqueness for creations. Giving priority to the quality; the best business plan of them, wait until get the best idea to produce. Long lag period between originals and sequels keep demand of the movies for more period. For example, Finding Dory released 13 years after the predecessor, Finding Nemo. Especially, in new employer training, employees support each other very effectively. Disney studio has identified new technologies in the film market such as 3D technology and applied them to movies. With a combination of media networks, Parks and resorts, studio entertainment and consumer productions and interactives reached remarkable revenues become succussing in the financial stage. In conclusion, Disney studio is effective entertaining business which has creativity, innovation, remarkable financial profitability and strong supportive team work as per their culture. Consequently, applying a balance approach to innovation and cost saving will increase revenues.

Free Essays on Harlem V. Ode On A Grecian Urn

written to reveal their true meaning. On the surface, the reader might think this poem is light and airy, when in fact; it is a sad tale of lost chances never to be r... Free Essays on Harlem V. Ode On A Grecian Urn Free Essays on Harlem V. Ode On A Grecian Urn The Death of the Human Spirit in â€Å"Harlem† and â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† Although Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Harlem† and John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† were written about 130 years apart and they differ in their structure, they seem to share a similar underlying theme. Both of these poets are trying to convey a feeling of death. They are not talking about a superficial death but rather, a dying on the inside. This is the type of death that robs them of their spirit. To the reader, it is fairly clear to see in Hughes’s â€Å"Harlem† whereas in Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the reader has to look beyond the outer layer of the poets words. In Hughes’s extremely short poem, â€Å"Harlem†, the poet asks â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† (1). If not for this opening line, the reader might be left wondering what the objects in the poem symbolize. Hughes uses a raisin, a sore, meat, a syrupy sweet, and a load. The â€Å"raisin† represents the plight of the black man in a dominant white society. The black man (raisin) refuses to give in and thus turns into a â€Å"sore†. The â€Å"meat† turned rotten in â€Å"Harlem† symbolizes the fight of the African American in making their place in the world. The â€Å"sweet† represents the satisfaction to be found in an existence full of harmony. The â€Å"load† is the culmination of all of these objects. As time goes by, the burden of the â€Å"load† gets harder and harder to carry. The heavy burden causes the black man to falter and â€Å"sag†. Eventually, the immense pressure causes an explo sion to the reality of the situation that the African Americans face. In order to understand the meaning behind John Keats’ somewhat longer poem, â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the reader has to look past the words written to reveal their true meaning. On the surface, the reader might think this poem is light and airy, when in fact; it is a sad tale of lost chances never to be r...

Qatar Airways Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Qatar Airways - Research Paper Example Along with that companies differentiated their services based on the consumer demographics and marketing mix. This also helped in changing the overall perspectives for the airlines industry in Qatar. According to the IATA (2010) report, the growth of Middle East airlines industry was more than 10% by the end of June 2009 which was one of the fastest growth rates in the global airlines industry. Some of the reasons of the better performance of the Middle East airlines are their customer focused approach, competitive services that is helping them increasing the customer base. The reduction of prices of premium and luxury services has helped in increase demand of this segment. Some companies have established their names for the high standard services among their customers and competitors. Emirates and Qatar airlines are leading in this area to provide high benchmarking standards for the other competitors. Qatar Airways was established in the year 1993 and started its operations in 1994. The first flight of this airline was 737-200. By the year 2003, the company had 35 aircraft that covered 52 destinations. In the year 2005 the number of aircrafts increased to 52 and by 2010 it is 71 aircrafts. The destinations covered increased to 60 in the year 2005 and 84 in the present scenario. The numbers of people using the Qatar Airways services are more than 120, 000, 000. The company has home offices across the 90 countries in the world including Al-Maha Tower in Qatar (See Appendix Route Map). The organisation has a strong team of 664 pilots. These include 67 Qataris pilots and 80 pilots under training. The current fleet size of 71 aircraft includes 8 B-777-300ERs, 2 B-777-200LRs and others such as A300, A320, A340, A321. Qatar Airways has ongoing orders for 200 more aircrafts and has expansion plan of 110 aircrafts by the year 2013. On Order Fleet are 5 A380, 26 B-777, 60 B-787 and 80 A-350. It is expected that five of the

Write a memo, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a memo, - Essay Example Viral gastroenteritis, caused by norovirus, has been an epidemic in the nation, including the capital of South Caledonia, affecting communities such as schools, residential complexes, and emergency shelters for humanitarian aid, and causing illnesses such as fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, during its outbreak. There have however been limited cases of fatalities and victims are able to recover a few days after its onset. Secondary consequences such as restrain from work when the virus infects people or as people stay at home to tend to victims. A vaccine was developed for the infection and the Food and Drug Administration authorized for suitability for human use and for effectiveness in controlling the infection. The vaccine has no adverse effects and was approved for people above three years. The South Caledonia legislature then passed a law that would compel people to receive the vaccination, at the state’s cost, and fine a person who failed to receive the vaccination a sum of $ 750, unless there is a valid state exemption. Mr. Russell has been notified that he must receive the vaccine but he does not qualify for an exemption and do not wish to pursue it. He therefore seeks advice on possible suit against the state. Mr. Russell plans to sue the state for protection of his right of autonomy in order to avoid liability for not receiving vaccination against the viral gastroenteris. He relies on the provisions of the 14th amendment that provides that states shall not enact laws that infringe a citizen’s rights and liberty nor shall states deprive such rights without due process (Guminski, 2009). There are however other amendments that limit the rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Ninth Amendment provides that no right shall be interpreted to deny others their rights and the Tenth Amendment gives states powers such as legislations that are not reserved to the

McDonald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

McDonald - Essay Example Recent statistics shows that McDonald’s operates 31,000 restaurants in 119 different countries (Kroc 23). Additionally, the corporation also operates several other restaurant brands like the Piles Cafà © and Donatos Pizza. Some of the countries that have the McDonald’s food store include Singapore, Malaysia, India and most of the states in the United States and Europe (Kroc 29). McDonald has maintained its vigorous advertising campaign for several decades. They usually use the radio, social networks, billboards, newspapers, television and the internet to advertise their products. Through these advertising schemes, McDonald’s has significantly augmented its market. Until recently, McDonald’s has used up to 23 different slogans to advertise its products in different regions and countries. One of the interesting ads by McDonald’s is the ad concerning Rock and Fries. The ad portrays the McDonald emblem using a human hand. Such an advertising strategy has touched me and many others, and it proves that there is a proper marketing integration because McDonald has augmented its market (Kroc 34). The company is considered as one of the most vigorous fast food

Vinamilk Marketing Analysis

Vinamilk Marketing Analysis This report aims to analyse how the strategic operational process and management contributed to the business vision of Vinamilk ¹ which is becoming the leading milk products manufacturer in Vietnam. First of all, by identifying precisely customers expectations of company products, the operations performance objectives will be determined in order to make the process of producing and delivering products could be processed efficiently. These objectives are aiming for the final purpose of the whole process is providing products in a way that maximise customers satisfaction. Secondly, the performance objectives identified in the previous part will then be translated into significant action which is designing the manufacturing process. Put simply, manufacturing process of the company will be designed appropriate for what the company is trying to achieve. The chosen process design also needs to match with the characteristics of an output resources and it is manifested through lay-out. Finally, some recommendations will be provided in order to overcome the shortcomings that the company has been facing in managing its production and delivery process 1.1 Background of company Vinamilk company established in 1976 as the Southern Coffee-Dairy Company, then renamed to United Enterprises of Milk Coffee Cookies and Candies I in 1978 and finally Vietnam Dairy Company was formally established in 1993. In 2003, follows its IPO to the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange, the company legally changed its name to Vietnam Dairy Products Joint Stock Company (VINAMILK). The company is a state owned enterprise in which the government owns about 50.01 % of the shares and the rest of the shares are currently active trading at the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange.The principal activities of Vinamilk are manufacturing and distributing products derived from milk such as fresh-milk, condensed milk, powdered milk, yogurts, ice-cream, cheese and others drinks such as fruit juice and soya milk. According to Euromonitor, it has been the number dairy player in Vietnam for the three years ending 31 December 2007.From its equitization in November 2003 to now, the sales of Vinamilk have experienced an average growth rate of 21%/year. In 2009, total sales of Vinamilk have reached a record of over VND 10,000 billion and its profit also has got the highest amount ever before.Vinamilks main competitors and Dutch Lady Vietnam, a division of Friesland Foods, Nestlà © Vietnam, Abbott, Mead Johnson, Friso and Nutifood Customer Basically, when any company decides to enter a market, identifying its target markets is the very important thing needed to do. By doing so, a company will define precisely the groups of particular customers it wants to serve and therefore could get right products or services to a right person or company. In order to target the market, a company would firstly segment its market into smaller segments, each segment is a group of purchasers with the same set of needs and buyer behavior Back to Vinamilk, by breaking up its market based on analysing demographic and geographic variables, it can be seen that Vinamilks goal is to satisfy all customers from kids to elder in any occupation. Especially, the group of kids under 14-years-old is considered the target market that Vinamilk wants to come forwards. In the present time, Vinamilks segment in rural areas and small towns has been weak, thus, this segment will also become the target market which Vinamilk want to focus more in the early fu ture. With the products which is directly refers to the health of customers as Vinamilks products, quality always is the issue that the customers care the most. Products need to match with the requirement for hygienic and safety food and the ingredients need to be ensured their orginal resources. Otherwise, different customers will have different taste and different preferences, but generally their preference always change, they could also willing to try a new product, new flavor or even the same products with a new layout design. In addition, one of the most important element when choosing a product is price, a product with good quality and acceptable price in comparison with other products will be regarded as a sucessful product. These three elements mentioned above are the requirements of customers to Vinamilk products. After packaging, products are delivered to consumers through two distribution channels: Traditional channel Distributors à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Outlets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Consumers Modern trade Supermarkets / Metro à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Consumers The distributors, supermakets and outlets are regarded as the internal customers of the company in the supply chain. Delivering products on time is considered the most important thing in which the company needs to concern. If the delivery process because of some reasons are delayed, it will lead to many problems, in which might directly influence to their businesses. CONSUMERS 3.0 Operations INPUT RESOURCES TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OUTPUT RESOURCES Figure 1.1 Operations through-put process (Source: Slack et al.2009) Transformed Resources Raw materials Main ingredients for products derived from milk: imported milk power, fresh milk from domestic farms. for other products: fruit juice, soya beanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Others ingredients: sugar, Transforming Resources Facilities Process technology International standard assembly line Modern manufacturing facilities Staff Group of skilled engineers who control mechanical systems Raw materials quality analysis Processing raw materials Final quality testing processing Packaging Finished products Analyze the 4VS High volume Vinamilk products are produced at 9 factories with the high capactiy approximately of 570.406 tonnes per annum and distributed to all provinces of the country. The manufacturing processes are taken systematically from processing raw materials to packaging finished goods. In each process, a team of staff as engineers and workers will directly specialize in tasks related to this process. Their tasks are repeated and systemized in the standard procedures, therefore it is often worth developing specialized technology that gives higher processing efficiencies ( Slack, et al). Low variety The product portfolio of Vinamilk is diversified with over 200 different types of products however except fruit juice and soya milk, all products are derived from the main resource is milk( www.vinamilk.com.vn). Raw materials are gone through the similar processing stages, could have some different preparation in the next stages, but it doesnt impact much on the standardization systems. Low availability (Rowbotham et al) With the stable and predictable demand from customer for dairy products, Vinamilk is always actively the way it produces and distributes products to market through maintaining the stability of milk material sources. Although ice-cream products are products have the seasonal charateristic, with the demand of it in the summer time higher than other season, its changing demand doesnt impact much on the general production situation of the company. Low visibility The way Vinamilk analyses its customerss behaviour basically depends on salespersons who are committed to understand the consumers preferences in their regular contact with customers across different outlets. Performance Objectives The objective of the production management is to produce goods and services of Right Quality and Quantity at the Right time and Right manufacturing cost (Kumar Suresh,2009) Quality Quality means doing things right, trying to satisfy customers by providing goods and services which are fit for their purpose. The quality advantage in manufacturing and service operations can be achieved through a skilled workforce, adequate technology and effective communication of quality standards and job specifications.(Rowbotham,2007) Being the company operating in the food branch, quality is regarded as the first important objective that Vinamilk needs to care for. All Vinamilk products are produced by the modern system machines and closely controlled by the International Quality Control Standards of ISO 9001: 2000 and HACCP certified by the world leading corporations. These productss quality are also ensured to fully announce as stipulated by the Laws under the direct and indirect supervision of competent authorities. With such the control process and strict supervision of competent authorities, released Vinamilk products are qualified with food quality, hygiene and safety standards in accordance with the published standards. Additional, the stability of milk material sources is extremely important as it helps Vinamilk maintains and increases the productivity. As a result, Vinamilk have established stable relationships with suppliers and have committed to purchase high quality fresh milk at the highest price. Th e companys factories, which are located in strategic locations near farms of milk cows, enable the company to maintain and improve these relationships with suppliers. Speed An extensive distribution network located nationwide with 201 distributors and over 141,000 outlets in 64 provinces and continued being expanded over time allows Vinamilk to bring its core products to consumers in a fast and effective way. In addition, Vinamilk has a range of modern factories located along the country that helps to reduce transportation expenses as well as to make a way the companys products are distributed to customers becomes easier and more convenience. Furthermore, the company has two transport enterprises, one is located in suburbs of Hanoi specialised in distributing products for Southern, and one is the main distributor for Northern, which is placed at Ho Chi Minh stuburb. Flexibility Flexibility means being able to change what you do to respond to changes in customer requirements in terms of the products and services design, volume, mix and delivery times. This can be achieved through dependable suppliers, mobility of multi-skilled labour, and versatile equipment, etc. The product portfolio of Vinamilk is so diversified and successfully satisfies the increasing various demands of consumers. The company owns 3 core brands, in which Vinamilk and Dielac are two key brands and Vfresh is a new one but it offers a great potential for development. Vinamilk products are divided into 6 groups and each group also consists of specific brands for specific customers. For instance, group of powered milk: Diealac Alpha for kids. Dielac Pedia for children with poor appetite and malnutrition. Dielac Mama for pregnant and breast feeding woman. Group of liquid milk: For Adults ( 100% Fresh Milk, UHT Milk Flex) For kids ( UHT Milk kid) Vinamilk has continuously introduced to the market its new products to meet the diversified demands of consumers, including Vinamilk Aloe Vera Yogurt Milk with rich source of vitamin A and E, Dielac Diecerna, Vinamilk Slimming Milk, orange smoothies, etc.. Cost With the manufacturing milk products like Vinamilk, milk materials sources being one of the main bought -in items which has a great influence to the price of products. The fluctuations of input resources may be due to many causes, however in general the increase of input resources will lead to the increase of finished products. In order to stabilize the price of products, Vinamilk has established stable relationships with suppliers and till now approximately 60% milk material has been bought from domestic sources. Vinamilks factories are located near farms of milk cows, enable the company to maintain and improve these relationships with suppliers as well as help the company to limit the costs incurred from delivering milk material. Dependability Dependability means the ability of a firm to deliver a product for customers with the exact time promised. Customers might judge the dependability of an operation only after the product and service has been delivered. For instance, one supermarket is the distributor of Vinamilk, the delay of delivering products is shown clearly in the way the supermarkets sheves have been being empty for a long time. This trouble has the huge impact to the business situation of the supermarket while its customers can not find the product they need, and so on. The delay of delivering products to customers may be caused by many reasons in which the most important reason is the quality of manufacturing process. One stage in the process goes wrong, will lead to a whole manufacturing get troubles. If the company does not do well to perform dependability, the delivery is always late, therefore the company itself will lose the goodwill of customers. As a milk company, Vinamilk considers quality is the top target, therefore, its processes have been designed as a error-free process in which some unpredictable errors that may affects the quality of finished products will be minimized. Vinamilk is one of the companies that apply the HACCP approach in manufacturing process. The HACCP approach is a scientific system for food safety assurance (Nguyen et al.,2004). Its main purpose is to provide a system whereby food businesses can control quality and safety throughout the entire food operation.(Applying quality function deployment in food safety manage ment, British Food Journal Vol. 112 No. 6, 2010 pp. 624-639). ( Source: Slack et al.2007) Figure 1.2 Polar diagram for Vinamilk 3.0 Process design The whole point of process design is to make sure that the performance of the process is appropriate for what the operation is trying to achieve(Slack et al,2007). Therefore, it can be said that operations process design is an translation of performance objectives. A question here is What type of process design currently adopted in Vinamilk? Generally, the basic process for all products in Vinamilk is the same. Raw materials are tested, processed, contained, then containers are filled, capped, labelled and packed. Inspections are carried out at appropriate stages.Therefore, an idea to adopt batch process can be given. In a batch environment, the basic machinery is fixed in place, but it is used on different batches of different products( Rowbotham et al,2009). For instance, raw milk and other main raw materials all need to pump into the preventation silo from which the milk will undergo the sterilization process. (http://www.dairyvietnam.org.vn/). In this example, sterilizing machine is fixed machine, it can be used to sterilizing say, a batch of whatever yohurt, freshmilk or powered milk. After sterilizing, raw milk is undergone four more processes such as homogenising, spliting a certain amount of butter from milk, final processing and packaging. Some appropriate adjustment of parameters can be carried out in order to produce different type of products. Like for whole milk products and low fat products, butter will be added until it reaches the level of fat at 3.25 percent and 1 percent, respectively in the processing. Read phonetically However, because of the high volume characteristic of output resources, the production processes have been conducted repetitive, thus, it could be said that the whole manufacturing process of Vinamilk is also a mass process. Basically, flowlines are inflexible because of the design just allows to produce a particular product at a particular rate of output. Therefore, if demand for the product changes, capacity cannot be easily increased and reducing output simply reduces utilization and may result in very little cost saving. An idea of the process design that mixed between batch process and mass process applied in Vinamilk is called group technology will overcome drawbacks of batch and mass process individually. Group Technology (GT) is the analysis and comparisons of items to group them into families with similar characteristics (Kumar Suresh, 2009).Rowbotham et al., 2007 has the explanation of group technology as belows: Group technology can be seen as an attempt to obtain some of the cost benefits of flowlines in a batch environment.A company manufacturing 200 different products will often find that these products fall into families based upon their manufacturing characteristics, and a group of perhaps ten products could require very similar processing in terms of machinery, process sequence and operation times. While the demand for each product individually will not be great enough to justify dedicated plant and labour, the output for the whole group may be great enough to justify setting up dedicated facilities. The group technology organization rarely leads to fully fledged flowlines and is more likely to lead to small manufacturing cells containing the necessary plant and labour for that group of products. Set-up and control are easier and transport is reduced compared with batch operations. Compared with both batch and flow operations, workers can see the context of their work within the overal l scheme since group technology cells are usually small enough so that all process stages are visible from every point. The process design is expressed through layout which is simply understood as the physical arrangement of production facilities used in production. The basic aim of a group technology layout is to identify families of components that require similar of satisfying all the requirements of the machines are grouped into cells. (Kumar Suresh, 2009). Vinamilk could consider a group technology organization based upon the five groups of products identified: Group of powdered milk and infant cereals Group of condensed milk Group of liquid milk Group of yogurt, ice-cream and cheeses Group of fruit juice, soy-bean milk, purified water It means that five cells layout are designed and each of them is capable of satisfying all the requirements of the component family assigned to it. In another word, all the components assigned to a cell are almost processed within that cell itself. Like the cell of powdered milk and infant cereals has the process line which comprises sterilizing, drying, additional micronutrients, mix, containing and packaging process. The cost of transportation and equipments are minimized in group technology layout. Furthermore, group technology is help to reduces production planning time for jobs as well as set-up time. 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, this report gives an illustration of how important operations management has contributed to the success of Vinamilk in Vietnam market. First, Vinamilk understands what is important for its customers includes: high quality, stable cost, a wide range of products and reliable delivery. Seconds, the way it produces and delievers its products is right for the market. Thereby Vinamilk can indentify the order- winning and qualifying objectives is price and quality, range of products, respectively. The internal performance objectives are also determined as cost, quality and speed. 5.0 Recommendation At the present time, the manufacturing process of Vinamilk is being proceed well which is reflected in the ways Vinamilk have applied the lastest technology in manufacturing and packaging for all factories. Vinamilk is also the only company in Vietnam which possesses the system of machines that uses the eject-deciccation technology by Niro Denmmark, a world leading company in industrial desiccation technology. The company should maintain and promote the results achieved in the future

Macbeth: Natural Vs. Unnatural :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In different periods of time, the lives of humans and nature were thought to have a connection, and this is emphasized in William Shakespeare's play MacBeth. In this play, unnatural events in nature foreshadow bad or unnatural occurrences in the lives of humans. Through out the play, Shakespeare continuously proves this point.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Ross said "As sparrows eagles or the hare the lion" (I.ii.35), it proves this theory. Common knowledge says that sparrows do not classify as eagles does a hare classify as a lion. They may have similarities, such as they are both birds or mammals, but they are opposites. After the quote is spoken, Ross reveals that the Thane of Cawdor has betrayed his country and Macbeth shall take his place. Macbeth becoming the Thane of Cawdor was an unusual event and not expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Macbeth finds the dagger in front of him, it alludes to this point even more. The foreshadowing of Macbeth's choice becomes evident when he says, "Nature seems dead" (II.i.50) For nature to seem dead would be the complete opposite of living because nature is thought to be continuously growing and changing, not dying. This is an unnatural event, that again foreshadows something bad, which is Duncan's death. Other unnatural occurrences happened prior to Duncan's death but were not explained until afterwards. When the old man says "'Tis unnatural / Even like the deed that's done. On Tuesday last A falcon tow'ring in her pride of place, was by a mousing hawk killed" (II.iv.10-13), it also proves the connection between unnatural events and humans. An owl tends to eat mice and hunt at night, a hawk is not it's usual meal. This strange event occurred prior to Duncan's death, which told of things to come. Another quote spoken by Ross, also foreshadows Duncan's death: "And Duncan's horses?. turned wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, Contending 'gainst obedience, as they would make way with man kind" And the old man responded with "'Tis said they eat each other'/" (II.

Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph

6)a) Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph.[5] B) Describe the central role of acetyl (ethanoyl) CoA in carbohydrate & fat metabolism.[5] Acetyl CoA is formed in both carbohydrate and fat metabolism. In carbohydrate metabolism, Acetyl CoA links glycolysis and the Krebs's cycle in a link reaction, in the link reaction carbohydrates or glucose is converted into pyruvic acid and from that into Acetyl CoA. In fat metabolism, the Acetyl CoA is formed from fats, the fats breakdown into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids are then oxidized to form Acetyl CoA. The carrier CoA accepts acetyl groups produced in both metabolisms and brings them to be used in the Krebs cycle. c) Discuss the importance of a balanced diet for people with varying energy needs. [8] A balanced diet is a diet which contains vitamins, minerals, and other necessary particles for the normal function of the body, but also a balanced diet is balanced so it doesn't contain any of these in excess or lacking in. For a person to remain healthy they must have a balanced diet. If there are excessive amounts of energy left in the body it may cause obesity. Everyone has different energy needs, for example an 80 year old needs less energy than a 14 year old. Different people have different needs depending on their age, amount of action done in a day, their physical condition and gender. The more physically active a person is the more energy they require; an Olympic athlete needs more energy than a science teacher. So the Olympic athlete needs more energy so they need to take in lots of carbohydrates and sugars that can be broken down easily and quickly to provide them with the ATP the need. A science teacher will need fewer carbohydrates than the Olympic athlete because the teacher doesn't need a quick energy supplier so they tend to eat fats and carbohydrates. Most of the energy gotten from fats is stored in the body therefore this is not useful if you need the energy immediately.Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism Also pregnant women need more energy than me because she needs to supply herself and the child with energy. During times of growth you also need more energy than usual because you body is growing and it needs extra energy. Also someone who isn't that physically active should require less energy than someone who is very physical active. There is a trend that men need more energy daily than a woman.

Free Essays on Boston

Strategic Management Model – Boston Beer Company The aim of this report is to identify some of the possible strategies that Boston Beer Company could adopt. In order to do so, it is not only necessary to have an understanding of the company itself, but also of the industry in which it operates. Analysis of Brewing Industry With nearly 80 million American beer drinkers, beer has become one of the most popular beverages, second only to water and tea. Each year, the U.S. beverage industry produces and sells more than 2.6 billion cases of beer, or about 193.3 million barrels. Although light beer continued to dominate the market with a 37 percent share, the consumption rate of micro brews or specialty beer also continued to grow in popularity. Standard & Poor’s believes that the U.S. brewing industry in particular will benefit from a favorable pricing environment for beer, improving demographic trends, and rising consumption of premium products. In addition, continued productivity improvements and high industry wide capacity utilization rates should aid profits. Given these factors, we project that operating profits for the domestic brewing industry will advance between 6% and 8% in 2003. This follows a strong performance in 2002, when operating profits for the domestic brewing industry rose more than 10%, by our estimate. Market Segment The craft-brewed beer industry is often divided into four industry segments - microbreweries, regional specialty breweries, contract brewing companies, and brewpubs - which are differentiated by volume of production and distribution channels. The undisputed leader of the microbrew segment has been the Boston Beer Company (BBC) and its product Samuel Adams, the tenth largest beer producer in the country. A long-lost American tradition, the craft-brewed beer industry has enjoyed a comeback in recent years and now is among the fastest growing domestic beverage segments despite national trends ... Free Essays on Boston Free Essays on Boston Strategic Management Model – Boston Beer Company The aim of this report is to identify some of the possible strategies that Boston Beer Company could adopt. In order to do so, it is not only necessary to have an understanding of the company itself, but also of the industry in which it operates. Analysis of Brewing Industry With nearly 80 million American beer drinkers, beer has become one of the most popular beverages, second only to water and tea. Each year, the U.S. beverage industry produces and sells more than 2.6 billion cases of beer, or about 193.3 million barrels. Although light beer continued to dominate the market with a 37 percent share, the consumption rate of micro brews or specialty beer also continued to grow in popularity. Standard & Poor’s believes that the U.S. brewing industry in particular will benefit from a favorable pricing environment for beer, improving demographic trends, and rising consumption of premium products. In addition, continued productivity improvements and high industry wide capacity utilization rates should aid profits. Given these factors, we project that operating profits for the domestic brewing industry will advance between 6% and 8% in 2003. This follows a strong performance in 2002, when operating profits for the domestic brewing industry rose more than 10%, by our estimate. Market Segment The craft-brewed beer industry is often divided into four industry segments - microbreweries, regional specialty breweries, contract brewing companies, and brewpubs - which are differentiated by volume of production and distribution channels. The undisputed leader of the microbrew segment has been the Boston Beer Company (BBC) and its product Samuel Adams, the tenth largest beer producer in the country. A long-lost American tradition, the craft-brewed beer industry has enjoyed a comeback in recent years and now is among the fastest growing domestic beverage segments despite national trends ...

Metonymy - Definition and Examples

Metonymy s Metonymy is a figure of speech (or trope) in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which its closely associated (such as crown for royalty). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, as in describing someones clothing to characterize the individual. Adjective: metonymic. A variant of metonymy is synecdoche. Etymology: From the Greek, change of name Examples and Observations In a corner, a cluster of lab coats made lunch plans.(Karen Green, Bough Down. Siglio, 2013)Many standard items of vocabulary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields.(Connie Eble, Metonymy. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)In Stockholm, Sweden, where Obama was traveling on Wednesday, the White House praised the vote and said that it would continue to seek support for a military response(David Espo, Obama Wins Backing From Senate Panel on Syria Strike. Associated Press, September 5, 2013)Whitehall prepares for a hung parliament.(The Guardian, January 1, 2009)Fear gives wings.(Romanian proverb)He used the events to show the Silicon Valley crowd that he was just like themand that he understood their financial needs better t han the suits on Wall Street.(Businessweek, 2003) I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didnt do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again.(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep) Using Part of an Expression for the Whole One of the favorite American metonymic processes is the one in which a part of a longer expression is used to stand for the whole expression. Here are some examples of the part of an expression for the whole expression metonymy in American English: Danish for Danish pastryshocks for shock absorberswallets for wallet-sized photosRidgemont High for Ridgemont High Schoolthe States for the United States (Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) The Real World and the Metonymic World [I]n the case of metonymy, . . . one object stands for another. For example, understanding the sentence The ham sandwich left a big tip. Involves identifying the ham sandwich with the thing he or she ate and setting up a domain in which the ham sandwich refers to the person. This domain is separate from the real world, in which the phrase ham sandwich refers to a ham sandwich. The distinction between the real world and the metonymic world can be seen in the sentence: The waitress spoke to the complaining ham sandwich and then she took it away. This sentence does not make sense; it uses the phrase ham sandwich to refer both to the person (in the metonymic world) and a ham sandwich (in the real world). (Arthur B. Markman, Knowledge Representation. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Going to Bed The following trivial metonymic [utterance] may serve as an illustration of an idealized cognitive model: (1) Lets go to bed now. Going to bed is typically understood metonymically in the sense of going to sleep. This metonymic target forms part of an idealized script in our culture: when I want to sleep, I first go to bed before I lie down and fall asleep. Our knowledge of this sequence of acts is exploited in metonymy: in referring to the initial act we evoke the whole sequence of acts, in particular the central act of sleeping. (Gà ¼nter Radden, The Ubiquity of Metonymy. Cognitive and Discourse Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, ed. by Josà © Luis Otal Campo, Ignasi Navarro i Ferrando, and Begoà ±a Bellà ©s Fortuà ±o. Universitat Jaume, 2005) Metonymy in Cigarette Advertising Metonymy is common in cigarette advertising in countries where legislation prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them. (Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)Metonymic ads often feature a specific product attribute: Benson Hedges the gold cigarette box, Silk Cut the use of purple, Marlboro the use of red . . .. (Sean Brierley, The Advertising Handbook. Routledge, 1995)As a form of association, metonymy is particularly powerful in making arguments. It not only links two disparate signs but makes an implicit argument about their similarities. . . . One of the most famous cigarette slogans was developed by Sigmund Freuds nephew, Edward Bernays who, in creating the phrase Youve come a long way, baby! hoped to expunge the hussy label from women who smoked publicly by referring to cigarettes as torches of freedom. This was one of the early examples of an advertising slogan that relied on social context to be imbued with meaning. As with most good meto nyms, this image was linked with a cultural referent that aided in the persuasion. (Jonathan W. Rose, Making Pictures in Our Heads: Government Advertising in Canada. Greenwood, 2000) The Difference Between Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphor creates the relation between its objects, while metonymy presupposes that relation. (Hugh Bredin, Metonymy. Poetics Today, 1984)Metonymy and metaphor also have fundamentally different functions. Metonymy is about referring: a method of naming or identifying something by mentioning something else which is a component part or symbolically linked. In contrast, a metaphor is about understanding and interpretation: it is a means to understand or explain one phenomenon by describing it in terms of another. (Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor. Routledge, 2006)If metaphor works by transposing qualities from one plane of reality to another, metonymy works by associating meanings within the same plane. . . . The representation of reality inevitably involves a metonym: we choose a part of reality to stand for the whole. The urban settings of television crime serials are metonyms- a photographed street is not meant to stand for the street itself, but as a metonym of a particular type of city lifeinner-city squalor, suburban respectability, or city-centre sophistication. (John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992) The Difference Between Metonymy and Synecdoche Metonymy resembles and is sometimes confused with the trope of synecdoche. While likewise based on a principle of contiguity, synecdoche occurs when a part is used to represent a whole or a whole to represent a part, as when workers are referred to as hands or when a national football team is signified by reference to the nation to which it belongs: England beat Sweden. As way of example, the saying that The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world illustrates the difference between metonymy and synecdoche. Here, the hand is a synecdochic representation of the mother of whom it is a part, while the cradle represents a child by close association. (Nina Norgaard, Beatrix Busse, and Rocà ­o Montoro, Key Terms in Stylistics. Continuum, 2010) Semantic Metonymy An oft-cited example of metonymy is the noun tongue, which designates not only a human organ but also a human capacity in which the organ plays a conspicuous part. Another noted example is the change of orange from the name of a fruit to the color of that fruit. Since orange refers to all instances of the color, this change also includes generalization. A third example (Bolinger, 1971) is the verb want, which once meant lack and changed to the contiguous sense of desire. In these examples, both senses still survive. Such examples are established; where several meanings survive, we have semantic metonymy: the meanings are related and also independent of each other. Orange is a polysemic word, its two distinct and nondependent meanings metonymically related. (Charles Ruhl, On Monosemy: A Study in Linguistic Semantics. SUNY Press, 1989) Discourse-Pragmatic Functions of Metonymy One of the most important discourse-pragmatic functions of metonymy is to enhance cohesion and coherence of the utterance. It is something that is already at the very heart of metonymy as a conceptual operation where one content stands for another but both are actively activated at least to some degree. In other words, metonymy is an efficient way of saying two things for the price of one, i.e. two concepts are activated while only one is explicitly mentioned (cf. Radden Kà ¶vecses 1999:19). This necessarily enhances the cohesion of an utterance because two topical concepts are referred to by means of one label, and there is consequently, at least nominally, less shifting or switching between these two topics. (Mario Brdar and Rita Brdar-Szabà ³, The (Non-)Metonymic Uses of Place Names in English, German, Hungarian, and Croatian. Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar, ed. by Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg, and Antonio Barcelona. John Benjamins, 2009) Pronunciation: me-TON-uh-me Also Known As: denominatio, misnamer, transmutation

Communication letter of advise for a couple Research Paper

Communication letter of advise for a couple - Research Paper Example such as divorce that are mostly attributed to failure on the part of the couple to communicate openly, with an estimate of 60% divorce among married couple in the United State (Gulley & Almonte, 2009). Marriage is a special thing shared between two people that truly love each and are ready to spend the rest of their lives with the person. I write this letter, hoping that you are fully aware of what is awaiting both you. Marriage is meant to last forever and in order for that to happen, you need to commit to each other and dedicate fully as well as be ready to face challenges ahead. My aim of writing the letter is to give you some good advice about communication in your relationship. Â   Am a student, just finished an interpersonal communication course, that will be my referring point throughout this letter. It is my hope that you take the advice and use it every day in your relationship. Love is sweet and exciting but without effective communication, it is bound to fail (Miller, 2011). For the survival of any relationship, there exist several guides to help facilitate and in the same way, illustrate on what to do and what to avoid in certain situations. Good communication that e ncourages free and open communication is very important, as couples are able to share information with easy in a friendly manner, in return enabling partners to get along well (Gulley & Almonte, 2009). At any given time, the first rule of good communication in relationship is communication is a two-sided coin that requires both effective talking and excellent listening. According to Taibbi (2012), the author of lasting marriage demonstrates that great communication makes great marriage. Understanding your partner properly as well as yourself, help in daily interactions that build the relationship. Learn the principles of interpersonal communication because it is informative as it guides and offer skills to deal with problems in the relationship. During communication especially when

Macroeconomics - Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomics - Term Paper - Essay Example In the regulation of the money in circulation, central bank makes adjustments to the interest rate that entails the price of borrowing money. This paper keenly discusses fiscal and monetary policies theories and application. Fiscal policy In their efforts to regulate spending and maintain taxation at an affordable level, governments emulates three types of fiscal policies. The first one is neutral fiscal policy. This type of policy is adopted when the economy is in equilibrium. One of the key aspects of neutral fiscal policy is that all the fund that the government uses to establish projects such as roads, factories, ports among others, is full obtained from tax revenue (Hansen 34). Another type of fiscal policy that government can use to achieve economic development is the expansionary fiscal policy. This entails a situation whereby government spending exceeds tax collected from the residents. This will mean that governments must look for donors to fund them so that they are able to maintain their economy at a competitive level. The policy must be looked keenly to make sure that funds borrowed from the donors are not diverted to other unplanned project .The third policy is contractionary fiscal policy. ... The federal government controls how the money is shared according to the financial year and how they have planned for the budget. The budget must be gone through by the stake holders that include president and the congress. The two bodies must work together so as to come with a comprehensive report that is going to make life bearable to its citizens (Larch and Nogueira 46). The president makes sure that the proposed budget is passed to the congress so that they can decide how much money the government is going to spend on public needs for example, the issue of security is a problem world wide and health care .On the other hand expansionary fiscal policy is commonly used by the federal government to make sure that their business problems are stabilized. Another application area in expansionary policy is the issue of unemployment to its citizens. The unemployed high number of people has to borrow money and return the same money with low interest. In contrast, contractionary fiscal poli cy is mainly used by the central bank or the finance ministry to make sure that the rapid economy growth of a country is put under control. This means that the government must come up with the measures to control it. The government has to increase the interest rates, the central bank then regulates the money their customers are going to deposit and the notes the other bank are going to hold. Monetary policy Monetary policy refers to the process by which the government through central bank regulates the money supply to its citizens with aim of controlling price fluctuations (Heyne et al, 19). This means that the government must make sure that the prices of commodities are stable. The government must still ensure that the interest rates and exchanges rates are guarded fully against

Quantitative Analysis of Cinematic Statistics Research Paper

Quantitative Analysis of Cinematic Statistics - Research Paper Example Table 1, Appendices A shows total numerical values used for this analysis. The related trend between cinemas and screens as shown in Chart 1 Appendices A is that the number of screens increased over time in correlation with the number of cinema sites; however, as cinema sites tapered off, screens maintained a slight increase. The index number inferences, shown in Index A and B, Appendices A, describe a relative increase for screens of 5.5 percent in 2004 based on 1994, but only 0.3 percent for cinemas. Admissions revenue based on 1994 delivered a price relative average increase of 3.8%, and based on 1999 the price relative was only 2.8% as related in Index C, Appendices A. Furthermore, Chart 2 Appendices A describes the relative increase of admission revenue which can be correlated to the amount of screen increase per cinema. This infers that the more screens per cinema, the higher revenue increase. This is a good indicator for management staff that more revenue is generated the higher the concentration of screens, and for the customers this allows more mo vie options in a singular location, further increasing admissions revenue. Chart 3 Appendices A shows the sharp increase of admission revenue as cinemas increase, which induces the trend of a positive relationship. Using the linear regression equation y = 5.6951x - 3722.7, it can be derived that there is a trend of increase in admission revenue in relationship to cinemas sites. The correlation coefficient equals 0.877, which is a high value which infers a positive relationship between increase in admission revenue and cinema sites. The forecasted admission value for 2005 is 780.6082 m provided that 772 cinemas are built. Admissions and Cinema Screens Chart 4 Appendices A demonstrates a dramatic slope accession of admissions revenue as screens increase/ Linear equation Linear equation y = 7.3519x - 502.72 trends at a higher correlation between admission revenue and screens that noted in admissions and sites, the correlation coefficient with screens is 0.98486, intuitive of an impressive positive growth relationship between these factors. The forecast for admissions in relationship to screens in 2005 would be 25229.1m, provided that 3500 screens are built and the market can support that amount of cinematic screens, if 350 screens are built, the 2005 forecast would be 2070.45m, a more plausible plan of action. Gross Box Office (GBO) and Cinema Sites Chart 5 Appendices A plots the relationship between GBO and cinema sites, showing a sharp increase in GBO in relation to the increase in sites. The linear equation y = 0.0361x = 651.7 concludes to this positive relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.892993 further demonstrates the solid positive increases in GBC as it relates to cinema sites. Forecasting for 2005 with 772 cinema sites-meaning that one cinema is inoperable-would bring a GBO of 3221.81 m, a slight decrease from 2004, but significant of the relationship between the number of cinemas and GBO. Gross Box Office (GBO) and Cinema Screens GBO and cinema screens also have a correlative relationship as visualised in Chart 5 Appendices A. This chart signifies powerful growth as the number of

Eharmony Essay Example for Free

Eharmony Essay

Food production and export goods

Food production and export goods Assess the advantages and disadvantages for poor country governments of food production over export goods. This essay argues that food production should be on top of the priority list of governments of the poor countries, because of the increase in of food prices globally at a time of global economic downturn and for the purpose of achieving food sovereignty and food security The discussion highlight the failure of export of goods strategies, and complexities related to connecting poor economies with global market as a result of recommendations by IFIs which focus on the advantages international trade. The essay slightly engages with debate around the incapability of those institutions, and their strategies to tackle the implication of world food problem in the context of the poor countries; using conclusion and critique of case studies as disadvantages to draw the food production as a favourable option in response to this problem. What poor countries means? In brief, and in order to identify what meant by poor countries. According to Paul Collier (2007) those countries falls entrapped in four major areas, including conflict affected countries, natural recourses even if the recourses are available they suffer from phenomenon such as Dutch Disease often perceived as miss management of resources, the problem of being landlocked, and poor governance which is combination of corruption and inadequate state administrative capacities together with other governance problems. Additionally to colliers list Foster (1992) outlines weak state infrastructures, which in this essay refers simply to poor or lack of: a transportation network, communication structures and technical capacities, which is axiomatically, refers to education systems and capabilities. For both authors the majority of population are very poor: landless poorly educated commonly superstitious etc. Within these countries the South Centre (2008) estimates that the bulk of population are consuming imported food; the centre argues the poor population are more vulnerable to rising food prices because food represents a high proportion of their total expenditure. In todays globalised world is facing the worse global economic downturn since the great recession of the 1930s. Food is not just an important need for nutritional of humans to survive, it became more of fact reflecting sovereignty and independence of the state; in the case of the poor countries if not in all countries at least for the majority-the state and its governing system is an inherited system from the economical relations of the colonial era. Food sovereignty could be more than a symbol for independence; it could work as basis for fair trade and development. In contrast FAO (2009) report establishes clear link between the global economic downturn and predict that it going to intensify implication on the poor countries as assuming decline in exports or capital inflows will soon occurs while the food import capacity (FDI, remittances and foreign aid).) Patrick Kendall and Marco Petracco (2009) critically assess the impact of food import Caribbean and the dependence on its import has made the region more vulnerable and exposed to international market supply shocks, which are expected to boost again due to increasing volatility nature of food in the global markets. They criticises the shifts from subsistence to cash cropping declined the ratio agriculture export earnings in GDP of the region from 9.7% in 1980 to 4.3% in 2004(p.783) while the ratio of expenditure on food imports to total foreign exchange earnings fell from 15% in 1980 to 9.7% in 2004, and the ratio to total imports fell from 15.5% to 8.7%.(p.785) On the basis of comparative advantages (which is not a static concept  [1]  ), division of labour and free trade was introduced hypothetically it makes all materially better off than they would be if individuals or communities tried to provide everything for themselves (George Kent, 2002). It was also assumed that within the globalization of world economy countries will be able to procure food from diverse sources and they will get the best prices through the open market. As a matter of fact trade does assist in growth of the economies of these countries either regionally (Coe N. M.; Hess M.; Yeung H.W.; Dicken P. and Henderson J. 2004) or globally (WTO, 2010). But this was never the case of food, where income of the poor among other mix variables influence the rate of under-nutrition and consequently it lowers fertility rates, human survival rates, health, and education capabilities of children, security and the overall energy of a country aspires development (Foster 1992). Howe ver, historically as in the case of sub Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1970s and 1980s integration into the world economic system at a time of historically unprecedented volatility in world food, energy, and capital prices. As a result of these burdens, smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa are very poor and are getting poorer (Delgado 1997 cited in Kent, 2002 p.2). While the world produces enough food for all the mankind currently (Kakar, Raziq, in 2009 FAO estimated that over one billion individuals are undernourished (FAO, 2009). After thirty years of falling global food prices in real terms, food prices have steadily increased since the year 2002. This trend began to increase in 2006 and prices rose even more sharply in 2008 (South Centre, 2008 p.14) indicating that food prices rose by 52 per cent (p.1). Using twenty equation econometric model R. McFall Lamm and Paul C. Westcott study on The Effects of Changing Input Costs on Food Prices proves that changes in factor prices r esults quickly in change of food prices the results also indicates that food prices increase rapidly than non food prices. Consequently, the increase in prices will ultimately lead to unrest in many poor countries; bearing in mind that as result of 2007 food prices increase, 30 countries experienced food riots where the worlds poorest people can no longer afford basic food (Georgia Miller, 2008). Unless international finance and trade institutions namely (WTO, IMF, World Bank) are reformed, there are no hopes for poor countries to compete in the global trade. Free trade remains elusive as long as the rich countries still applying production protection policies such as producers subsidy  [2]  and tariffs which represent at their end reflecting Export restrictions to the developing countries productions, while demanding them to open their market doors for the global trade (Wall 1999; kent 2002, Gowa 1994; OECD 2007; Coote 1996; Lloyd, P. J. 1999). The World Bank (2008) recognises this very well stating By removing their current level of protection, industrial countries would induce annual welfare gains for developing countries estimated to be five times the current annual flow of aid to agriculture and predicting that Poor countries that export cotton or oilseeds, such as Chad, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Benin, stand to gain. Among the big expected gainers are Brazil, T hailand, and Vietnam. (p.11) So far no protectionist policies have been lifted. In fact the international finance and trade institutions have no strong influence upon the rich countries polices. Meanwhile, the reform agendas has been extended to cover the whole United Nations systems and structures; whereas the heart of the reform is in financing the global organisation(Gordon 1994; Mà ¼ller 1992). Having people as Jeffery Sachs (2010) the Harvard University Professor of Economics advocating the idea of taxing transactions between banks and financial institutions to raise funds for global issues like poverty. One might argue that the implementation of Aid for Trade programmes would also contribute to solving the crisis as they could help developing countries to integrate into international markets through trade. However, the impact of such programmes in boosting agricultural productivity is not clearly established (South Centre 2008 p.37) In contrast Kevin Danaher (2001) is calling for the abolishment of those financial and trade institutions building his argument in fairness and usefulness. Until the stalled trade negotiations (Hall-Matthews 2010) or reform around those financial institutions reach consensus or at least level of agreement, the situation on poor countries in term of faire trade and food security remain the same as early 1980s since threats of famine became more of curse in countries like Ethiopia (Hancock 1985) and Nigel Twose (1984) ) critics as cited in Hancock 1985 remains valid, when it goes to see the result of an IMF intervention in the third world is the acceleration of change in agricultural practices, resulting in even greater concentration on crops for export, at the expense of food crops for local consumption (p.124); in other words the land that should be feeding their people is producing food for European and north American consumers concluding that these systems lead to deprivation for million(p.127). Ironically, similar conclus ions to the 1980s rhetoric has being reached within the International Development Committee of Great Britain (2009) that the poor countries are losing billions of dollars every year to tax evasion by international companies and they need to be assisted to benefit from their own resources. Indeed that not every single poor country has enough resources for achieving food self-sufficiency which refers to 100% coverage of a nation needs (Dhliwayo 1988 p.15), nether food production refers to agro-grain it can also refers to aqua food such sea food fisheries or managing animal products; bearing in mind the advances in science that mankind has reached, and possible support food producers which could be through protection policies research and extension organisations (p.31) as in the case of farmers. The more they can produce the more secure the country becomes in term of development and stability. In general export of goods and engagement in trade may be an excellent way of making earnings for generating wealth at large scale, but creation of wealth as an end does not necessarily means the fundamental needs of the poor will be served, bearing in mind all the miseries that Europe has gone through during the industrialisation era. Export of goods might it not be a good way for securing fundamental survival necessity for the poor people, such as food and water. The whole Marxist literature is discussing that accumulation of capital makes few people richer; I mentioned this here to highlight that the propensity that expected from good exports and investment in production is contingent by many other factors and expectations such as profitability and success in competition with well established firms within unstable global markets and financial system undergoing a crisis the risk for that choice grows greater and greater. Indeed with the option to grow food there are also great risk s such climate change; which does not necessarily means drought, it could also takes the form of heavy rains and floods or any other natural disasters. At (page 1) I added weak infrastructures to Colliers(2007) similarities of the poor countries, this weak infrastructures hinders trade in global competition more than it affect agriculture, indeed any improvement in those infrastructure and capacities will have positive inputs toward these countries development. A clear example A clear example by Marc Wuyts(1993) who studies the case of Tanzania 1960s up 1970s when Tanzanias economic policy has centred an investment strategy with the aim to speed up economic development with assistance of aid and less concern for its consequences, he argues that not scrutinizing the consequences of the aid-driven state-led investment strategy in the context of an open and structurally fairly inflexible economy (p.160) which relied on few export crops in order to obtain hard currencies, has reduced the country growth rates which was assumed to be attained and has wrecked the economy to become aid dependent in both financing investments and imports of consumer goods. He continues to argue that while agriculture, which was not the main beneficiary of this strategy, it determined its unpleasant ending. Ray Bush (2000) discuss similar case of prioritising cash crops for export in Egypt where the International financial institutions reforms have failed to make the economic prospe rous; instead changes in diets and food purchases to economise on household expenses; extra labour time associated with searching for cheaper food in the souk and sales of livestock, jewellery and other household assets (p.242). He considers Market driven solutions fails to take into account the Egyptian rural people lifestyles and their way to address their uneven access to resources. He noticed that there is inadequate attention by the international agencies to the ongoing market failure, and the ways in which people are adopting themselves with crisis. Instead they are focused on notions of peasant ignorance and poor technology (p.248). Bartra, Roger and Otero, Gerardo (1987) conducted analysis cash crops in contrast with subsistence crops in Mexico, using prices and production data from 1940 to 1983 their analysis reflected a twofold crisis one is deterioration of peasant economy; the second is related the production of cash crops reflect the local capitalist crisis in the field of agriculture. While export of good requires government facilitation of trade processes (Collier 2007) and encouragement commonly understood as less state led interventions accordingly easier to perform. Normally the food production strategy makers expect governmental control and state led interventions; which varies from the level of land reform laws Foster(1992) and protection of producers policies to the level of micro support such as research and extension services for farmers(Ramasamy and Selvaraj 2007). But in principle the governments of poor countries are expected implement state led interventions and play more role than safe guarding the society. Conclusion Oversimplifying some issues How come I ask a poor hungry man to trade and invest?