My Manufacturing Firm Essay -- Economic Systems, Market-Oriented Econo

Economic Systems An economic system refers to the rules of the game on how a country is governed economically (Peng, 27). A country’s strategy for its services, goods produced and the process in which its economic plan is executed. Market economy is characterized by the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces (Peng, 27). The effect of supply and demand affects the availability and price of a product for the interaction of businesses. Command economy is defined by a government taking (Peng, 27). All stellar decisions associated with production, distribution, product and service prices are controlled by the government. Mixed economy has elements of both a market economy and a command economy (Peng, 28). Businesses will have some flexibility in decision- making, but the government has control in others. When running a business in each of these different economic systems, it’s important to understand where the goods and services offered can be used and marketed. Economics are admin istered in a different manner by governments around the world. China’s economic transformation over the past two decades has converted to a market-oriented economy. The market-oriented reforms China implemented have unleashed individual initiative and entrepreneurship (globalEdge, 2010). A repercussion that the Chinese government deals with is the increased pollution and decline of natural resources. This can have an effect on job growth, new entrants entering the workforce and the foulness of crimes for an international business. There is an increase leeriness of purchasing Chinese products due to the contamination by pollution and chemicals. China’s key task was to create a socialist market economy (globalEdge, 2010). Many businesses are state-owned and o... ...ordination of goals and objectives that might get out of hand by the host country managers, by having a plan of action. Host country nationals will make local decision about product pricing and distribution, but the home office can overrule the local decisions. The staffing approach that best fits Mexico is the ethnocentric approach. Under this approach, people are perceived in the interest of how well they can complete a job or task rather than on the essence of religion, culture or their home country. Employees are chosen throughout the business by who they are and not where they come from concluding in a diverse workforce. This approach is genuinely global. A geocentric approach to international business sees its entire staff as able to in fact contribute to the business goals and objectives. Decision making is related to the well-being of the business. My Manufacturing Firm Essay -- Economic Systems, Market-Oriented Econo Economic Systems An economic system refers to the rules of the game on how a country is governed economically (Peng, 27). A country’s strategy for its services, goods produced and the process in which its economic plan is executed. Market economy is characterized by the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces (Peng, 27). The effect of supply and demand affects the availability and price of a product for the interaction of businesses. Command economy is defined by a government taking (Peng, 27). All stellar decisions associated with production, distribution, product and service prices are controlled by the government. Mixed economy has elements of both a market economy and a command economy (Peng, 28). Businesses will have some flexibility in decision- making, but the government has control in others. When running a business in each of these different economic systems, it’s important to understand where the goods and services offered can be used and marketed. Economics are admin istered in a different manner by governments around the world. China’s economic transformation over the past two decades has converted to a market-oriented economy. The market-oriented reforms China implemented have unleashed individual initiative and entrepreneurship (globalEdge, 2010). A repercussion that the Chinese government deals with is the increased pollution and decline of natural resources. This can have an effect on job growth, new entrants entering the workforce and the foulness of crimes for an international business. There is an increase leeriness of purchasing Chinese products due to the contamination by pollution and chemicals. China’s key task was to create a socialist market economy (globalEdge, 2010). Many businesses are state-owned and o... ...ordination of goals and objectives that might get out of hand by the host country managers, by having a plan of action. Host country nationals will make local decision about product pricing and distribution, but the home office can overrule the local decisions. The staffing approach that best fits Mexico is the ethnocentric approach. Under this approach, people are perceived in the interest of how well they can complete a job or task rather than on the essence of religion, culture or their home country. Employees are chosen throughout the business by who they are and not where they come from concluding in a diverse workforce. This approach is genuinely global. A geocentric approach to international business sees its entire staff as able to in fact contribute to the business goals and objectives. Decision making is related to the well-being of the business.

Entertainment Industry in Mexico

Overview of Entertainment Industry in Mexico By: Jennifer Tarleton Date: November 15, 2010 GEO 111 World Regional Geography Instructor: David Harris South Piedmont Community College TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Actors and ComediansP. 1 II. Singers and MusiciansP. 2 III. Production CompaniesP. 3 IV. BibliographyP. 5 Business is booming for Mexico's entertainment industry. Mexico promotes itself as choice destination for filmmakers, but problems threaten to stunt industry's growth. The entertainment industry in Mexico faces two serious challenges.The first challenge is to generate an environment that the entertainment industry can prosper and second, to protect intellectual property. A stable business environment is vital to the success of the entertainment industry in Mexico. I. Actors, Comedians, Films The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the ending of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th but some movies have rediscovered just recently. The â€Å"silent film† industry in Mexico produced several movies; however, many of the films up to the 1920s have been lost and were not well-documented.The Mexican cinema golden era occurred during the 1940s. The origin of early filmmaking is generally associated with Salvador Toscano Barragan. Toscano compiled the country's first fictional film, titled Don Juan Tenorio. By 1906, 16 movie salons opened their doors to accommodate the popularity of cinema in Mexico City. Actors such as Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, Cantinflas, Joaquin Pardave, Maria Felix, and Dolores del Rio gained their recognition. The themes during these years touched all aspects of Mexican society. The majority of the productions were comedies and dramas.Mexico's most famous contribution to popular cinema is perhaps the beautiful Mexican actress Salma Hayek who has endeared herself to thousands of fans across the world. Hayek is the first Mexican national to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. She is one of the most prominent Mexican figures in Hollywood. Some of today’s most popular comedians also have Mexican roots. George Lopez is one of the top five highest grossing comedians in the world. Lopez, a Mexican-American, was deserted by his father at birth but was raised by his maternal grandmother.Lopez has received several honors for his work and contributions to the Latino community. In September 2004, George was honored with the â€Å"Spirit of Liberty Award† presented by People for the American Way. In August 2005, Time magazine recognized George as one of â€Å"The 25 Most Influential Hispanics in America†. Another large sector of the entertainment industry in Mexico is the adult entertainment industry. The adult entertainment industry in Mexico is worth around one billion US dollars, and employs around 20,000 in direct and indirect jobs.While this entertainment industry produces revenue it also causes problems. Many film stars were diagnosed with various sexually transmitted di seases, including HIV. II. Singers and Musicians Mexico has a rich musical history. Mexico has a musical history that is full of cultural contrasts, with many different musical styles and influences. The popularity of the Mexican music goes back to the 16th century. Mexico's musical tradition shows strong folk as well as modern influences. However, the various music traditions have managed to unite Mexican society into one popular musical culture.Modern Mexico's music lovers are equally swayed by the tunes and rhythm of traditional music like mariachi and ranchero songs as well as by the Latino beats of hip-hop and salsa. The music industry has also brought considerable economic advancement to Mexico-generating jobs, bringing long-term investment and spawning a number of parallel businesses related to the industry (e. g. , recording studios and radio stations). Mexican music is popular in not only in Mexico but also in America and Europe.The famous Mexican American singers and music ians are playing a crucial role in keeping their traditions alive. The Mexican music is lively and offers pure entertainment. The singers like Jade Esteban Estrada, Selena, La Mafia, Roy Benavidez, Freddy Fender, Hector P. Gracia are some of the famous contemporary singers. III. Production Companies Mexico has a flourishing film industry and has produced a number of internationally acclaimed film directors. â€Å"There's no question that Mexico is one of the brightest hopes for the future of our company †¦ It's one of five key global markets. (Sumner Redstone) Redstone is the chairman and CEO of the entertainment conglomerate Viacom. Viacom’s holdings include MTV, Nickelodeon and Blockbuster Video. Redstone is optimistic about the prospects of connecting with Mexican audiences and growing with the market in coming years. Mexico is also building its reputation as a destination for filming. According to Kevin Trehy, executive producer for Warner Brothers Productions, the real value of Mexico being used as a location shoot is that the local community reaps benefits at a rate four times the cost of production.Miguel Angel Davila, president of Cinemex, a national chain of movie theaters, sees growth potential for his business in Mexico too. Many films raise many unanswered and perhaps unanswerable questions about where Mexico has been and where its people, politics, and culture are headed.V. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www. museumstuff. com/learn/topics/Mexico_City::sub::Culture http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Lopez http://latinmusic. about. com/od/countrie1/p/PROBASICS17. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Film_industry

Revenge in Julius Caesar and Othello Essay - 1821 Words

Authors, in works of literature, often use the theme of revenge because it adds intrigue and suspense to a story. Julius Caesar and Othello by William Shakespeare are two plays whose most predominant theme is revenge. This is illustrated through the characters, symbols, and settings of both works. Revenge is a constant theme throughout the play Othello. It is portrayed through one of the character Iago. Iago is determined to destroy Othello and his loved ones. This retribution is a result of Othello promoting Cassio to the position of lieutenant. The theme of revenge is the motivation of Iago’s hatred toward Othello. I follow him to serve my turn upon him. Shakespeare (I, 1, 42). Roderigo tells Iago how upset he is by the fact that†¦show more content†¦Othello plans to kill his beloved Desdemona by strangling her in her own bedroom in the wedding dress that she wore during her wedding a few months ago. Othello, who still loves his wife Desdemona finds it hard to kill her but must to protect the other men that she allegedly cheated with. By comparison, the novel Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Marc Antony, Caesar’s most trusted assistant, finds himself in front of Caesar’s dead body. Antony was watching the brutal killing of Caesar but stood still, until Caesar fell to the ground dead. He then came in and confronted the group of men led by Brutus and Cassius. They stabbed Caesar 23 times in the front, neck, and back. 3 Mark Antony strikes a truce with the conspirators, asking to accompany Caesars body and speak at his funeral. Brutus agrees, and at the funeral delivers a stirring oratory that explains the reasoning for the assassination. Through his masterful use of irony stirs the crowd—which to this point had been solidly behind the conspirators—to call for the blood of Cassius, Brutus, and anyone else associated with Caesars death. Antony then plots with Octavius (nephew to Julius Caesar) and Lepidus to wrest control of Rome by force of arms. Their ruthlessness exterminates many of the original conspirators, as well as other perceived enemies. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the back-bone of theShow MoreRelatedConventions of a Shakespeare Tragedy1189 Words   |  5 Pagestragic flaw brings the downfall of the hero. Othello is the tragic hero, because Othello is a character of nobility. He is good at the beginning but at the end he starts to become evil. ‘‘Othello’s downfall is jealousy (Othello’s Tragic Flaw) Iago tells Othello not to be jealous when Othello thinks his wife is cheating on him. Iago says to Othello, â€Å"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds (Othello Act 3 Scene 3).† The meaning of this quote isRead MoreDefense Mechanisms By Julius Caesar And Othello Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesShakespearean works such as Julius Caesar and Othello are acknowledged for their tragic endings and the deception that leads the characters there; however, few acknowledge that Shakespeare incorporated defense mechanisms such as repression, denial, and projection even before Freud’s theory on such mechanisms came to fruition. Additionally, Shakespeare provides evidence of betrayal as its own definitive d efense mechanism, proving that it is in fact human nature to betray others. Julius Caesar is a story of conspiracyRead MoreShakespeare s Othello - Act II1376 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 7, 2015 Othello Act II, Scene III Iago and Cassio are going to spend time together partying and drinking. The dramatic irony in the situation is that the audience knows Iago is not really Cassio’s friend in this situation but instead Iago is just going along with his plan. In Othello’s statement â€Å"Iago is most honest† (IIiii), it is a dramatic irony because the audience knows that Iago is not honest at all and he’s only pretending to be honest to manipulate Cassio and Othello. Othello speaks toRead MoreThe Action Of Leading A Group Or An Organization1143 Words   |  5 Pagestragic hero in the play, Julius Caesar, is a great example who has some significant good and bad leadership and language qualities. He is one of the â€Å"conspirators† whose main intention of murdering Julius caesar was because of the well-being of Rome. He was brainwashed and manipulated by the cunning, Cassius. He was very shrewd and didn’t want Julius Caesar alive because he wanted to become powerful and take over Rome. But,â€Å"Brutus† was a noble man and he only killed Caesar because Cassius manipulatedRead MoreEssay about Racism and Jealousy in Othello762 Words   |  4 PagesRacism and Jealousy in Othello The theme of racism is strongly depicted in William Shakespeares Othello. It depicts the attitude of European society towards those that were different in colour, race and language. In Europe, people of white complexion were the majority and all other races were considered to be less important and inferior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several characters in this play that portray this mentality. These characters include Brabantio, Roderigo and Emilia. But by far, the faceRead More A Comparison of the Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar and Hamlet in Hamlet2791 Words   |  12 PagesThe Characters of   Brutus and Hamlet in Hamlet and Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written one year apart from the other, one cannot fail to recognize the parallels between William Shakespeares tragedies Julius Caesar and Hamlet. To begin, they are both stories of assassinations gone horribly wrong. Although the details of the plays are different, the two assassins (Brutus and Hamlet) provide interesting comparison. Through these two killers, Shakespeare reveals the different levels of justice; one’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The seemingly straightforward simplicity of â€Å"Julius Caesar† has made it a perennial favourite for almost 400 years. Despite its simplicity, almost Roman in nature, the play is rich both dramatically and thematically, and every generation since Shakespeare’s time has been able to identify with some political aspect of the play. The Victorians found a stoic, sympathetic character in Brutus and found Caesar unforgivably weak and tyrannical. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiencesRead MoreEssay on Othello as a Tragic Character in William Shakespeares Play1677 Words   |  7 PagesOthello as a Tragic Character in William Shakespeares Play The play Othello by William Shakespeare is about passion, treachery and revenge. Othello is a black, well-respected army general in Italy. He falls in love with the white daughter of Brabantio, a senator of Italy, called Desdemona and gets married to her without Brabantios consent. Iago and Cassio are Othellos best friends, Iago turns out to be two-faced and evil towards Othello because he gave the job of Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1554 Words   |  7 Pagesepitomize arts of the Elizabethan Epoch; through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always used in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human nature surrounded themes of true love, revenge, power-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only appealed to the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in WarwickshireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1568 Words   |  7 Pagesepitomize arts of the Elizabethan Epoch; through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always used in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human nature surrounded themes of true love, revenge, power-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only appealed to the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire

The Five Factor Model Of Personality - 853 Words

An analysis of the five factor model of personality Many contemporary psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions of personality and refer to them as the ‘Big Five’. The five-factor model (FFM) of personality is a theory based on five core categories of human personality – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. While different theorists may use different terminology, the five factors or personality traits have shown a rather consistent pattern over time. This study briefly examines the history, strengths and limitations of the five-factor model. The FFM does not have only one theorist to its name, but rather has been adapted over time from many different concepts and theorists studying human behaviour. The overall concept of trait theory emerged during the 1930’s when Louis Thurstone developed a factor analysis of 60 adjectives, which was used by participants to ‘rate’ acquaintances based from the descriptive words from the study (Digman, 1996). Evidence of the theory has grown over the past 70 years with the research of D.W. Fiske (1949) which was later expanded upon by other researchers (Norman, 1967; Smith, 1967; Goldberg, 1981; McCrae and Costa, 1987). McCrae and his colleagues also discovered in their research that the ‘Big Five’ traits were remarkably universal. One of their studies looked at people from over 50 cultures and found that the five dimensions could be used to quite accurately describe personality.Show MoreRelatedThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1704 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of models of personality, firstly taking into account Gordon Allport’s model, followed by Raymond Cattell’s 16 trait factor model and Eysenck’s, 3 factor model. Before, critically discussing the five factor model of personality and individual traits, these are made up of the characteristics of an individual which includes their, thoughts and behaviours that make a person unique. Finally this essay will suggest one other factor which might usefully be added to the five factor model to improveRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1041 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality is a multifaceted concept that is difficult to explain but upon further inspection can be analyzed and broken down. Personality, when broken down, is really just a pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors within an individual (Cervone Pervin, 2013). These patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior can be broken down further into what personality theorists call traits. A personality trait is a particularly consistent manner of behavior or emotion that someone presents in a varietyRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has beenRead MoreThe Potential Of The Five Factor Personality Model1126 Words   |  5 PagesMG4C2: Organizational Behavior ‘The potential of the Five Factor personality model to predict employee performance has been overestimated.’ Discuss. Personality can be defined as the qualities that make a person’s ‘unique’ character. The Five Factor personality model is described as a ‘hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of 5 dimensions’ (McCrae and John, 2005) that can be used to describe personality. These ‘Big Five’ factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, AgreeablenessRead MoreFive Factor Model Personality Inventory1296 Words   |  6 PagesUse the Five Factor Model Personality Inventory to rate yourself on the Big Five personality dimensions. Describe each factor of your Big Five Personality Inventory. Which factor shows the greatest value in predicting your behavior? Why does it? Select one of your friends. Identify the qualities that make that person substantially different from you. In what ways are you basically similar? Which dominates, the differences or similarities? You must attach the Five Factor Model Personality InventoryRead More The Five Factor Model Of Personality Essay2253 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The precise definition of personality has been a point of discussion amongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since the beginning of civilization. Personality can be defined as the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define an individuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with the environment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith Bem, 1993: 525). It can be proposed that personality psychology has two differentRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of A Personality Test1621 Words   |  7 PagesFive Factor Model Individuals are often confronted with situations in which they only have very little information about the persons they have to interact with; to handle such situations, have been shown to spontaneously form first impressions in an extremely fast manner (Walker Vetter, 2016, p. 609). Personality allows an individual to obtain a specific amount of information about the person as a whole. Within this paper, one will discuss each trait originated under the five factor modelRead MoreFive Factor Model Of Personality Test Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesFive Factor Model of Personality Test Everyone we meet in life will have a different personality. Understanding personality traits can be useful for counselors. Counselors can use personality assessments to learn what influences a person’s development. I took Buchanan’s personality test to discover my personality style. Buchanan’s quiz uses the Five Factor Model of Personality Test (FFPT). Buchanan’s questionnaire covered topics of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, andRead MoreThe Five Factor Model : The Following Big Five Personality Traits Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Five Factor Model, which utilizes the following Big five personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, is used to interpret an individual’s personality. It has been said that you can look at a person’s territory, whether it be their bedroom or any other space that only they inhabit, and use the Five Factor Model to judge what their personality may be like from their personal spaces. Room A and Room B are the two spaces I will be using to describeRead MorePredicting Athletic Performance Using The Five Factor Model Of Personality1108 Words   |  5 P agesperformance using the five factor model of personality by Ralph L. Piedmont, David C. Hill, Susana Blanco seeks to address how the five factor model of personality when utilized, is a suitable predictor of athletic performance and how it is can assist in gaining an insight and understanding of the competitive nature within athletes, to show if there was a correlation between personality traits within different competitive sport. There have been many other studies used to evaluate personality within sport

Analysis Of Harriet Beecher Stowe s Account Of Black...

The telling of history of Blacks who fought in the Revolutionary War started in 1850 with author William Nells’ account of Black Soldiers. Harriet Beecher Stowe contended in her overview to Nell’s Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, the work gave way to the possible to â€Å"‘give new self-respect and confidence to the race†¦And their white brothers in reading may remember, that generosity, disinterested courage and bravery, are of no particular race and complexion, and that the image of the Heavenly Father may be reflected alike by all.† Stowe’s overview discloses that the significant author knew Black soldier veterans as individuals worthy of the same treatment given to white soldier veterans of war. The cue that kindness, unbiased†¦show more content†¦MacLeod’s Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution focused on the steadiness amid revolutionary principles and the application of the slave organization. He upheld th e afresh shaped American Republic was the building of a knowingly bigoted culture. Alan Gilbert’s modern history Black Patriots and Loyalists concentrates on Black soldiers as somewhat better than cogs in the radical fight. He depicts Blacks as an international nation and stresses the global longing for freedom as the functioning cohesion amid Blacks. The idea takes Quarles’ acknowledgement of the Black soldier as a contributor and emblem, and allocates precise worth to freedom troops. However, Gilbert’s work miscarries to clarify what Black soldiers intended within the boundaries of a newly conceived country. Likewise, though Quarles’ work presents the American Revolution as an essential instant of transformation for Blacks, he does not clarify the linking between American service and American individuality. Temporarily, MacLeod assess the Revolution ended the scope of bondage, presenting diminutive clarification on the figurative connotation overdue Black service when creating an American individuality. Although confessing all prior wo rks of notable authors have

Madeliene Leininger Free Essays

string(640) " theory are represented in the diagram below; Educational factors Technological factors Religious philosophical factors Kinship Social factors Environmental Context, Language ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways Political Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns practices Holistic Health/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices\." Nursing Theorist M. Leininger: Culture Care Theory Nursing Theorist Madeliene Leininger: Culture Care Theory Madeliene Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska in 1925. In her early life she lived with her brothers and sisters on her father’s farm. We will write a custom essay sample on Madeliene Leininger or any similar topic only for you Order Now She received her high school education from Scholastica College. She furthered her education at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her education she became the first professional nurse to complete a PhD on anthropology. Due to the broader approach in her education, she became the first to bring knowledge of anthropology and nursing together to develop the concept of transcultural nursing as an area of study necessary in the nursing field. She developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory with special focus at culture care. To date, due to the uniqueness of her perspective this theory is used across the world. She developed the theory in 1978 when she established the first caring research conference in which she established the ethnonursing method of research. Leininger conducted the first transcultural study in the field of research in the 1960s while she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. After publishing her first book in the field of transcultural nursing, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger focused at enhancing emic, generic and etic professional care through establishing their similarities and differences to prevent possible gaps and conflicting areas which are non therapeutic to clients. While her prowess in the field of nursing developed, she established the Transcultural Nursing Society as the organization that officially governed the new discipline. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first journal of transcultural nursing and became the editor. Due to her progressive performance in the discipline of transcultural nursing she has received many honors and outstanding awards. Her significant worldwide breakthrough in encouraging advancement of health discipline has lead to her nomination for a Nobel Prize. Based on the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, Leininger tries to describe and predict similarities in nursing and inherent differences which are focused at human care and cultures. The theory pays no attention to medical symptom, diseases and treatment but focuses on the methods of approach to care that gives significance to the person to whom the care is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give care to people with cultural differences in lifestyles and values. Training nurses in this field enables them to offer care suitable to the people being administered. Due to focus on client nurse interaction the approach places the client at a better position of receiving better care and attention than when the medical approach to care is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve not only different needs of individual but also communities, groups, families and institutions (Andrews Boyle, 2007). Her first model in Culture Care Theory is called the Sunrise Enabler which offers the conceptual framework and guides a systematic study to the varied dimensions of the theory. This model is distinct in that it identifies three activities which include identification of the goals of nursing by addressing client oriented practices; assessing cultural factors affecting the care to the client and making appropriate judgment about the situation; making decision about the measures to be taken and taking action as influenced by the cultural context. The model uses information attained through research that identifies areas of congruence between cultures and nursing care especially in cultural values, lifestyles and beliefs of the client. In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other four nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health arguing that nursing is both a profession and discipline and therefore the term ‘nursing’ cannot adequately explain the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as made of compassion, interest and concern for people. In this, concept care becomes central activity, the dominant and distinct unifying factor. Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for good health progress even when a client faces challenges such as handicaps or even when sick to the level of death. Thirdly, the healing of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is characterized by comprehensiveness of service delivery, which is holistic and offers explanation to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006). Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs within a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to specific patterns of behavior distinguishing each society from another. According to transcultural scholars culture is distinguished by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as ‘the lifeways of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices’ (Leininger 1997, 38). She says that culture is an entity of a group of people which is transmitted across generations or across groups of members of the community. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be effective, there is need to consider the ethnohistorical factors of the client, which hold a great value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors help in understanding the environmental context which involves the sociopolitical, ecological and cultural setting. In order to effectively make use of the ethnohistory of a community she calls for proper understanding of past occurrences of an individual and community which in one way or another influences a people’s lifeways. All the environmental factors give sense to the overall meaning of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below; Educational factors Technological factors Religious philosophical factors Kinship Social factors Environmental Context, Language ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways Political Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns practices Holistic Health/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors; 1. Technological factors: Technology has been an essential element in offering nursing care. Development of technology has enhanced efficiency in operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the quality of services offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. Application of modern technology enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a manner that creates congruence with the cultural values of a particular society. However, if technology does not support the cultural values of clients’ society the nursing care offered may fail to succeed as required. Even when there is an attempt to form a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there may exist differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts: Understanding cultural values entrenched in the people’s religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. Across the world people view religion as an integral part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a healthy society. In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society determine how the client responds to care. In some instances, the philosophical doctrine may help develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects may act as a deterrent if active measures are not taken into consideration in identifying the inherent gaps and the people’s ideological foundation. Therefore, there is a need to study the philosophical elements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3. Environmental factors: These include social factors and kinship; cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and legal factors. The social factors include the issues surrounding the families or members of the community in their day to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritional values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, some cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a larger society from eating some nutritional components, such as animal proteins. In such situations understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer similar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a deterrent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the policy development, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care while preventing others. Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the expected target situation in nursing care and the available opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors: Delivery of proper nursing care is dependent on the economic potential of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation. The activities conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capability of many clients. In this case, the target population may fail to access the nursing care services (Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the degree of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the people’s economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging. The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the comprehensive nursing care, opting to channel the funds to other development activities. For instance, the ongoing United States comprehensive care debate is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991). The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the increase of national spending. 5. Educational factors: The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues that comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that would necessitate filling the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care. In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less conflict with the community’s cultural values and thus increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly impact on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). Increased levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery. The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even getting much more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the role that the approach played after the terrible terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in United States. In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive behind increased hatred which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of innocent people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has been applied in broader and holistic manner in efforts to discover and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a basis of research in the fast developing discipline of transcultural nursing. This research has been useful in enriching the discipline with content for which it is gradually transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus contributing to a healthier population across cultural divide. Notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research exceed the full use as nurses trained in this field continue to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991). In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on the society’s cultural and social structural dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central position especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. Boyle, J. (2007). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bolsher, S. Pharris, M. (2008). Transforming Nursing Education: The Culturally Inclusive Environment. Springer Publishing Company. Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing health: official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory ofnursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing research method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51. How to cite Madeliene Leininger, Papers

Mind-Body free essay sample

Eleanor Metheny, born in Manhattan, Illinois in 1908, was a pioneer in the physical education community for four decades. She attended public school outside of Chicago and moved on to a university in the city. After attending the University of Chicago, where she studied English and mathematics, Metheny made her unintentional entry into physical education as an algebra teacher. At her new school, the math teacher typically taught the physical education classes as well as their designated math classes (Leigh Studer, 1983). Later, Metheny served as a professor at the University of California for 29 years. She believed that physical helped to augment movement through which children could â€Å"express, explore, discover, and interpret their world† (Shimon, 2011). Metheny published more than 150 articles, papers, and studies, proved instrumental in creating the country’s first graduate program in physical education, and championed women’s equality in sports. After retirement, Metheny worked in physical education at Pegasus Learning Center at USC. Metheny was most recognized as always being on the cutting edge of her profession (Leigh Studer, 1983). Eleanor Metheny’s work will continue to influence the field of physical education for many years. Jesse Feiring Williams was both in 1886 in Kenton Ohio. He attended college at Oberlin College where physical education became an interest. At Oberlin, he served as a tutor, coach, and director of athletics. After graduating, Williams taught physical education at the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind. After returning from service in World War II, Williams received his MD from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He then began association with Teachers College where after four years, he was promoted to professor and chairman of the Physical Education department. He remained at Teachers College for 18 years before going into early retirement. It was at Teachers College where Williams developed new concepts on physical education, health education, and dance. During his time in the field, Williams authored of co-authored an astounding 41 books, including the famed Principles of Physical Education (Kretchmar Gerber, 1983). Jesse Feiring Williams served as a pioneer in the physical education field, and his revelations continue to impact the field. In her article, The Third Dimension in Physical Education, Eleanor Metheny takes a monistic approach to understanding the concept of physical activity. Metheny begins her article by describing the three-dimensional process that is modern education. She explains the three-dimensional process as the one-dimensional training of the mind, the two dimensional education of mind-body unity, and the three-dimensional interconnection of mind-body-emotions (Metheny, 1954). Similar to Metheny’s monistic views are Jesse Feiring William’s in the article Education Through the Physical. Williams initiates the article with the following striking statement. â€Å"No one can examine earnestly the implications of physical education without facing two questions. These are: Is physical education an education of the physical? Is physical education an education through the physical? † He elaborates further on education of the physical, stating that supporters indicate chief outcomes as firm ligaments and strong muscles, which demonstrates the dualistic view. On the other hand, education through the physical embarks on the monistic route, based on the biologic unity of mind and body, viewing life as a totality (Williams, 1930). Because both Williams and Metheny advocated for the monistic view, there are many similarities in their articles. The ways in which the two authors describe physical education gravitate toward the same central values. Metheny defines a physically educated person as one who is able to productively use all possibly faculties of physical movement to â€Å"express, explore, develop, and interpret† his or her self in relation to the world in which they inhabit (Metheny, 1954). Williams, while stating his views more simply, states that physical education mainly as a way of living life. To further elaborate views on monism, Williams states that the apotheosis of solely the mental, or the physical, or the spiritual will lead to tragedy (Williams, 1930). Metheny states that the body is the corporeal expression of the person, his mind, his emotions, and his thoughts. The body is the self that a person presents to the world (Metheny, 1954 ). Metheny and Williams also express similar values in regard to the timeline and lasting effects relating to physical education. According to Metheny, physical education curriculum must be altered to both instant and long-term needs of students and sensible situations in which we must operate (Metheny, 1954). Williams indicates that education for life and modern physical education must have joint supports and confidences (Williams, 1930). Finally, both authors argue that physical education serves the greater purpose of increasing quality of life. Williams states that education through the physical will be evaluated by the role it plays in exceptional living and that physical education seeks to further the purposes of modern education when it stands for supreme kind of living (Williams, 1930). Metheny argues that a person will mature in their physical educational experience by finding his or her self improve with each new movement experience. Through each new movement, a person establishes new relationships with others and makes great advancement toward becoming a better incorporated person-mentally, physically, and emotionally healthy (Metheny, 1954). Essentially, Williams and Metheny prove that they have very similar and monistic views on physical education as a whole. However, while both articles are written to demonstrate monistic views, the both present very different areas of physical education. As previously stated, Williams begins his article with the proposal of the question education of the physical (dualistic) or through the physical (monistic). Williams follows this question up with presentations of the dualistic view throughout the article. We are able to that he prefers a monistic view, but he does elaborate upon a dualistic view (Williams, 1930). However, Metheny gives no real details on the opposing side of her monistic view, which makes the article somewhat one-sided (Metheny, 1954). Throughout the article, it seems that the purposes of both articles differ greatly. Eleanor Metheny seems to be speaking to an audience of physical educators throughout her article. She indicates what our jobs as physical education teachers must be and describes student’s physical experiences (Metheny, 1954). On the other hand, Williams seems to be putting up an argument for mind-body physical education versus a dualistic view. First, Williams begins by explaining the opposing dualistic view and some of the downfalls that could be included with it. Finally, Williams seems to be indicating whose responsibility it is to improve the quality of physical education for the future. He completes his article describing the universities responsibilities in regards to physical education and the betterment of modern education (Williams, 1930). The mind-body problem is one of the most highly debated topics in philosophy. In relation to the mind-body problem, monism denies a distinction between the two. In contrast, dualism indicates the belief that the two are two distinctive parts. I myself seem to struggle with believing one side or the other in the monism/dualism debate. Personally, the best definition of dualism comes from Douglas Odegard (1970), where he described that a â€Å"mind and a body are two different entities and each is â€Å"had† by a man. A man is thus a composite being with two components, one ‘inner’ the other ‘outer’ (87). † On one hand, I do believe in the interaction of the mind and body and that they greatly influence and depend upon each other. On the contrary, I think that it is foolish to believe that the two cannot exist without the other. I do believe that the mind and body are two separate entities; they do, however, closely interact and have dependence on each other. For that reason, my opinions tend to have both a monist and dualist (while more dualist) edge. I tend to share the same opinions as Ernst Johnson (1918) in his article titled Monism and Dualism featured in The Monist. Johnson begins the article by proposing a question on monism and dualism: are incompatible or complementary, can you only have either or are you able to have both? He then defends his points by elaborating on Plato’s â€Å"theory of knowledge† which states that a human may know being through one of two ways: sense perception which entails knowing the material world (dualistic) or though the supersensible, which may contain no duality (monistic). Furthermore, Johnson provides argument that dualism proves to be a more realistic view than that of monism. â€Å"Natural science has shown conclusively that all the immediately observable phenomena of the universe are mechanical. Therefore, no genuine idealistic monism can explain the universe. † One of the most thought provoking statements comes from Johnson when he asks if monism could simply be dualism in disguise, considering the world arose from interaction of two principles that are difficult to combine: mechanics and creativity. This statement clicked something in my mind that I had never thought about before. Overall, I believe it to be very challenging to simply take one side in mind-body problem, and I look forward to further exploring the topic.